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= Comparison of nitrate, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds in samples from monitoring and public-supply wells, Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, southern New Jersey =
{
The number and total concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) per sample were significantly greater in water from public-supply wells than in water from shallow and moderate-depth monitoring wells in the surficial Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system in the Glassboro area of southern New Jersey. In contrast, concentrations of nitrate (as nitrogen) and the number and total concentration of pesticides per sample were statistically similar in samples from shallow and moderate-depth monitoring wells and those from public-supply wells. VOCs in ground water typically are derived from point sources, which commonly exist in urban areas and which result in spatially variable contaminant concentrations near the water table. Because larger volumes of water are withdrawn from public-supply wells than from monitoring wells, their contributing areas are larger and, therefore, they are more likely to intercept water flowing from VOC point sources. Additionally, public-supply wells intercept flow paths that span a large temporal interval. Public-supply wells in the Glassboro study area withdraw water flowing along short paths, which contains VOCs that recently entered the aquifer system, and water flowing along relatively long paths, which contains VOCs that originated from the degradation of parent compounds or that are associated with past land uses. Because the volume of water withdrawn from monitoring wells is small and because shallow monitoring wells are screened near the water table, they generally intercept only relatively short flow paths. Therefore, samples from these wells represent relatively recent, discrete time intervals and contain both fewer VOCs and a lower total VOC concentration than samples from public-supply wells. Nitrate and pesticides in ground water typically are derived from nonpoint sources, which commonly are found in both agricultural and urban areas and typically result in lowlevel, relatively uniform concentrations near the water table. Because nonpoint sources are diffuse and because processes such as degradation or sorption/dispersion do not occur at rates sufficient to prevent detection of these constituents in parts of the aquifer used for domestic and public supply in the study area, concentrations of nitrate and pesticides and numbers of pesticide compounds are likely to be similar in samples from shallow monitoring wells and samples from public-supply wells. Results of a comparison of (1) the general characteristics of, and water-quality data from, public-supply wells in the Glassboro study area to available data from public-supply wells screened in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system outside the study area, and (2) land-use settings, soil characteristics, and aquifer properties in and outside the study area indicate that the findings of this study likely are applicable to the entire extent of the Kirkwood- Cohansey aquifer system in southern New Jersey.
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      "name": "Comparison of nitrate, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds in samples from monitoring and public-supply wells, Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, southern New Jersey",
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      "abstract": "The number and total concentration of\r\nvolatile organic compounds (VOCs) per\r\nsample were significantly greater in water from\r\npublic-supply wells than in water from shallow\r\nand moderate-depth monitoring wells in the\r\nsurficial Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system in\r\nthe Glassboro area of southern New Jersey. In\r\ncontrast, concentrations of nitrate (as nitrogen)\r\nand the number and total concentration of\r\npesticides per sample were statistically similar\r\nin samples from shallow and moderate-depth\r\nmonitoring wells and those from public-supply\r\nwells.\r\nVOCs in ground water typically are\r\nderived from point sources, which commonly\r\nexist in urban areas and which result in\r\nspatially variable contaminant concentrations\r\nnear the water table. Because larger volumes of\r\nwater are withdrawn from public-supply wells\r\nthan from monitoring wells, their contributing\r\nareas are larger and, therefore, they are more\r\nlikely to intercept water flowing from VOC\r\npoint sources. Additionally, public-supply\r\nwells intercept flow paths that span a large\r\ntemporal interval. Public-supply wells in the\r\nGlassboro study area withdraw water flowing\r\nalong short paths, which contains VOCs that\r\nrecently entered the aquifer system, and water\r\nflowing along relatively long paths, which\r\ncontains VOCs that originated from the\r\ndegradation of parent compounds or that are\r\nassociated with past land uses. Because the\r\nvolume of water withdrawn from monitoring\r\nwells is small and because shallow monitoring\r\nwells are screened near the water table, they\r\ngenerally intercept only relatively short flow\r\npaths. Therefore, samples from these wells\r\nrepresent relatively recent, discrete time\r\nintervals and contain both fewer VOCs and a\r\nlower total VOC concentration than samples\r\nfrom public-supply wells.\r\nNitrate and pesticides in ground water\r\ntypically are derived from nonpoint sources,\r\nwhich commonly are found in both agricultural\r\nand urban areas and typically result in lowlevel,\r\nrelatively uniform concentrations near\r\nthe water table. Because nonpoint sources are\r\ndiffuse and because processes such as\r\ndegradation or sorption/dispersion do not occur\r\nat rates sufficient to prevent detection of these\r\nconstituents in parts of the aquifer used for\r\ndomestic and public supply in the study area,\r\nconcentrations of nitrate and pesticides and\r\nnumbers of pesticide compounds are likely to\r\nbe similar in samples from shallow monitoring\r\nwells and samples from public-supply wells.\r\nResults of a comparison of (1) the general\r\ncharacteristics of, and water-quality data from,\r\npublic-supply wells in the Glassboro study area\r\nto available data from public-supply wells\r\nscreened in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer\r\nsystem outside the study area, and (2) land-use\r\nsettings, soil characteristics, and aquifer\r\nproperties in and outside the study area indicate\r\nthat the findings of this study likely are\r\napplicable to the entire extent of the Kirkwood-\r\nCohansey aquifer system in southern New\r\nJersey.",
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