Item talk:Q57065: Difference between revisions

{"@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "CreativeWork", "additionalType": "USGS Numbered Series", "name": "Evaluation of land subsidence and ground failures at Bicycle Basin, Fort Irwin National Training Center, California, 1992\u20132017", "identifier": [{"@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "USGS Publications Warehouse IndexID", "value": "sir20195015", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20195015"}, {"@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "USGS Publications Warehouse Internal ID", "value": 70202636}, {"@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "DOI", "value": "10.3133/sir20195015", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20195015"}], "inLanguage": "en", "isPartOf": [{"@type": "CreativeWorkSeries", "name": "Scientific Investigations Report"}], "datePublished": "2019", "dateModified": "2019-06-26", "abstract": "Groundwater has been pumped in the Bicycle Basin\u00a0at Fort Irwin National Training Center since the 1960s, and\u00a0the amount pumped has generally increased since the 1990s.\u00a0After a large crack (approximately 0.5-kilometer long) formed\u00a0at the surface of Bicycle Lake playa during 2005\u201306 in the\u00a0area used as an aircraft runway, a monitoring study was\u00a0initiated by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with\u00a0the U.S. Army Fort Irwin National Training Center, to help\u00a0determine the cause. The extent and effect of groundwaterlevel\u00a0declines and land-surface deformation in Bicycle Basin\u00a0were evaluated using a number of approaches, including\u00a0water-level measurements from December 2007 to June 2017,\u00a0land surveys across the playa area, interferometric synthetic\u00a0aperture radar (InSAR) analyses, geophysical surveys of the\u00a0playa area, and numerical experiments to test hypotheses\u00a0about soil mechanical processes. A specific objective of this\u00a0study was to evaluate the recent development of ground\u00a0failures in the form of large, surface cracks that pose a hazard\u00a0to aircraft operations on the Bicycle Lake playa airstrip.Another large crack and set of interconnected cracks formed at the surface of Bicycle Lake playa in 2013 following a period of inundation similar to that of 2005\u201306; however, the 2013 cracks formed a network rather than a single feature. Groundwater pumping resulted in more than 27 meters (90 feet) of water-level declines in wells north of the Bicycle Lake playa from 1990 to 2017, and InSAR interferograms indicated more than 400 millimeters (16 inches) of subsidence during 1993\u20132015. Subsidence rates calculated from InSAR interferograms were variable, temporally and spatially. Results of leveling surveys indicated differential subsidence between 2009 and 2016 along a transect across the playa to the area of maximum subsidence; there was less subsidence south of the 2005\u201306 crack than north of it. The steepest subsidence gradient for this time was in the area of maximum subsidence. Repeat tape-extensometer measurements from April 2009 to November 2017 across the main-runway crack indicated slight opening along part of the crack. A baseline lidar (light detection and ranging) survey of the main-runway crack was done in January 2009 to track the development of this feature. During the 95-months from January 2009 to December 2016, 0.5 meters (19.7 inches) of subsidence was observed next to the subsidence pit in the crack along the western end of the scanned area, presumably due to erosion and backfilling when the lake was inundated. Standing water in the crack along the eastern end of the scanned area prevented determining change for that part of the crack. Time-series, shaded-relief images show the progression of change in the crack from January 2009 through December 2016, with the crack closing and opening, depending on the time of most recent inundation relative to when the scans were taken. Volumetric changes in the size of the crack, calculated between the sequential lidar surveys, show that from 2009 to 2016, the cumulative volumetric change was 1.5 cubic meters (54 cubic feet). This volume is a minimum estimate because the crack volume below the water surface in the pits was not included in the calculations. Subsurface imaging of the 2005\u201306 main-runway crack by a series of electrical resistivity tomography surveys in 2008 and 2017 indicated that the crack could extend 5 meters (16 feet) in the subsurface.Electromagnetic induction surveys in 2008, 2014, and 2015 evaluated the technique for ground-failure monitoring and showed that the technique was effective at revealing anomalies correlated with the features of concern in the playa area, such as the 2005\u201306 crack, numerous \u201dhealed\u201d macropolygon features, and scattered sink-like depressions.Results from numerical experiments simulating watertable decline at depth indicated that the material deposits in the desaturating capillary fringe zone might not be able to transmit large enough stresses up through the overlying soil to cause cracks at the land surface. Results from simulations of desiccation in the presence of a regional tectonically induced stress field, however, tended to support the hypothesis that the combined processes could control the formation of giant desiccation macropolygons in certain areas, such as Bicycle Lake playa.", "description": "viii, 93 p.", "publisher": {"@type": "Organization", "name": "U.S. Geological Survey"}, "author": [{"@type": "Person", "name": "Densmore, Jill N. jidensmo@usgs.gov", "givenName": "Jill N.", "familyName": "Densmore", "email": "jidensmo@usgs.gov", "identifier": {"@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0002-5345-6613", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5345-6613"}, "affiliation": [{"@type": "Organization", "name": "California Water Science Center", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/california-water-science-center"}]}, {"@type": "Person", "name": "Thayer, Drew C.", "givenName": "Drew C.", "familyName": "Thayer", "identifier": {"@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0001-9251-935X", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9251-935X"}, "affiliation": [{"@type": "Organization", "name": "Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/geology-energy-and-minerals-science-center"}]}, {"@type": "Person", "name": "Ellett, Kevin M.", "givenName": "Kevin M.", "familyName": "Ellett", "affiliation": [{"@type": "Organization", "name": "Indiana Geological and Water Survey, Indiana University"}]}, {"@type": "Person", "name": "Sneed, Michelle micsneed@usgs.gov", "givenName": "Michelle", "familyName": "Sneed", "email": "micsneed@usgs.gov", "identifier": {"@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0002-8180-382X", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8180-382X"}, "affiliation": [{"@type": "Organization", "name": "California Water Science Center", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/california-water-science-center"}]}, {"@type": "Person", "name": "Brandt, Justin T. jbrandt@usgs.gov", "givenName": "Justin T.", "familyName": "Brandt", "email": "jbrandt@usgs.gov", "identifier": {"@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0002-9397-6824", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9397-6824"}, "affiliation": [{"@type": "Organization", "name": "California Water Science Center", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/california-water-science-center"}]}, {"@type": "Person", "name": "Howle, James F. jfhowle@usgs.gov", "givenName": "James F.", "familyName": "Howle", "email": "jfhowle@usgs.gov", "identifier": {"@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0003-0491-6203", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0491-6203"}, "affiliation": [{"@type": "Organization", "name": "California Water Science Center", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/california-water-science-center"}]}, {"@type": "Person", "name": "Morita, Andrew Y. amorita@usgs.gov", "givenName": "Andrew Y.", "familyName": "Morita", "email": "amorita@usgs.gov", "identifier": {"@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0002-8120-996X", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8120-996X"}, "affiliation": [{"@type": "Organization", "name": "California Water Science Center", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/california-water-science-center"}]}, {"@type": "Person", "name": "Borela, Rodrigo", "givenName": "Rodrigo", "familyName": "Borela", "identifier": {"@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0002-1802-8752", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1802-8752"}, "affiliation": [{"@type": "Organization", "name": "Indiana Geological Survey; Indiana University"}]}, {"@type": "Person", "name": "Bobet, Antonio", "givenName": "Antonio", "familyName": "Bobet", "identifier": {"@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0002-5666-5832", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5666-5832"}, "affiliation": [{"@type": "Organization", "name": "Indiana University"}]}], "funder": [{"@type": "Organization", "name": "California Water Science Center", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/california-water-science-center"}], "spatialCoverage": [{"@type": "Place", "additionalType": "country", "name": "United States", "url": "https://geonames.org/6252001"}, {"@type": "Place", "additionalType": "state", "name": "California", "url": "https://geonames.org/5332921"}, {"@type": "Place", "additionalType": "state", "name": "San Bernardino County", "url": "https://geonames.org/5391726"}, {"@type": "Place", "additionalType": "unknown", "name": "Fort Irwin", "url": "https://geonames.org/7267475"}, {"@type": "Place", "geo": [{"@type": "GeoShape", "additionalProperty": {"@type": "PropertyValue", "name": "GeoJSON", "value": {"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"type": "Feature", "properties": {}, "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-117, 35], [-116, 35], [-116, 35.67], [-117, 35.67], [-117, 35]]]}}]}}}, {"@type": "GeoCoordinates", "latitude": 35.33500000000001, "longitude": -116.49999999999999}]}]}