Item talk:Q74333
From geokb
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"name": "Simple Techniques For Assessing Impacts Of Oil And Gas Operations On Federal Lands - A Field Evaluation At Big South Fork National River And Recreation Area, Scott County, Tennessee",
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"abstract": "Simple, cost-effective techniques are needed for land\r\nmanagers to assess the environmental impacts of oil and gas\r\nproduction activities on public lands so that sites may be\r\nprioritized for further, more formal assessment or remediation.\r\nThese techniques should allow the field investigator to extend\r\nthe assessment beyond the surface disturbances documented by\r\nsimple observation and mapping using field-portable instruments\r\nand expendable materials that provide real-time data. The\r\nprincipal contaminants of current concern are hydrocarbons,\r\nproduced water, and naturally occurring radioactive materials\r\n(NORM). Field investigators can examine sites for the impacts\r\nof hydrocarbon releases using a photoionization detector (PID)\r\nand a soil auger. Volatile organic carbon (VOC) in soil gases\r\nin an open auger hole or in the head space of a bagged and\r\ngently warmed auger soil sample can be measured by the PID.\r\nThis allows detection of hydrocarbon movement in the shallow\r\nsubsurface away from areas of obvious oil-stained soils or oil\r\nin pits at a production site. Similarly, a field conductivity\r\nmeter and chloride titration strips can be used to measure salts\r\nin water and soil samples at distances well beyond areas of\r\nsurface salt scarring. Use of a soil auger allows detection of\r\nsaline subsoils in areas where salts may be flushed from the\r\nsurface soil layers. Finally, a microRmeter detects the\r\npresence of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in\r\nequipment and soils. NORM often goes undetected at many sites\r\nalthough regulations limiting NORM in equipment and soils are\r\nbeing promulgated in several States and are being considered by\r\nthe USEPA. With each technique, background sampling should be\r\ndone for comparison with impacted areas.\r\nThe authors examined sites in the Big South Fork National\r\nRiver and Recreation Area in November of 1999. A pit at one\r\nsite at the edge of the flood plain of a small stream had\r\nreceived crude oil releases from a nearby tank. Auger holes\r\ndown gradient from the pit showed the presence of anomalous\r\nconcentrations of VOCs at depths of 3 feet for a distance of\r\nabout 50 feet. PID readings at other sites showed 1) one\r\nreclaimed site where hydrocarbon biodegradation was incomplete;\r\n2) one reclaimed site where biodegradation had left no traces of\r\nVOCS; and 3) two sites where traces of substantial offsite\r\nmigration of hydrocarbons occurred. Produced water salts at one\r\nsite have migrated many 100s of feet downvalley from the area of\r\nsalt scarring and tree death adjacent to the pits. Naturally\r\noccurring radioactivity (NORM) at most sites was at background.\r\nOne site showed anomalous radioactivity related to NORM in a small brine pit. Some of this NORM has moved downslope from the\r\noutlet pipe to the pit.",
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