Item talk:Q73215

From geokb

{

 "USGS Publications Warehouse": {
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     "name": "Landslides triggered by Hurricane Mitch in Guatemala -- inventory and discussion",
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         "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr01443"
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         "value": 31498
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         "value": "10.3133/ofr01443",
         "url": "https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01443"
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     "datePublished": "2001",
     "dateModified": "2012-02-02",
     "abstract": "The torrential rains that accompanied\r\nHurricane Mitch in October and November\r\nof 1998 triggered thousands of landslides in\r\nthe moderate to steep terrain bordering the\r\nMotagua and Polochic Rivers in eastern\r\nGuatemala. Using aerial photographs taken\r\nbetween January and March 2000 we\r\nmapped all visible landslides larger than\r\nabout 15 m in minimum dimension in a\r\nstudy area of 10,000 km2 encompassing\r\ntwenty 1:50,000-scale topographic map\r\nquadrangles.\r\nRainfall from Hurricane Mitch was\r\nexceptional because it was geographically\r\nwidespread, prolonged over a period of\r\nabout a week, moderate to heavy in intensity,\r\nand occurred at the end of the rainy season\r\nwhen the ground already had a high\r\nmoisture content. As documented in this\r\nreport, this type of rainfall, on saturated or\r\nnearly saturated ground, has the capability to\r\ntrigger both shallow and deep-seated landslides\r\nover a large area.\r\nWe mapped about 11,500 landslides in\r\nthe study area. The mapped landslides were\r\nof two general types: relatively small, translational\r\nand rotational landslides that commonly\r\nmobilized into debris flows and covered\r\nless than several hectares in area (not\r\nincluding flow paths), and large, commonly\r\ntranslational, landslides that sometimes generated\r\ndebris flows and covered between\r\n15 ha and 25 ha (not including flow paths).\r\nThe main concentrations of landslides are on\r\nmoderate-to-steep hillslopes underlain by\r\ndiverse geologic units. For the purpose of\r\ndescribing the mapped landslides, we divided\r\nthe study area into five distinct regions\r\nbased on differing geologic and geomorphic\r\ncharacteristics. These regions include the\r\nupper Polochic valley and surrounding highlands,\r\nthe central Sierra de las Minas, the\r\nhills surrounding La Union and Zacapa, the\r\neastern Sierra de las Minas, and the border\r\nregion with Honduras. All of these areas\r\nreceived between 200 mm and 600 mm of\r\nrain over a 13-day period between October\r\n25 and November 6. The highest rainfall\r\namounts (400 mm to 600 mm) occurred in\r\nthe Upper Polochic valley and surrounding\r\nhighlands and in the central Sierra de las\r\nMinas. The lower rainfall amounts (200 mm\r\nto 400 mm) occurred in the hills surrounding\r\nLa Union, the eastern Sierra de las\r\nMinas, and in the border region with\r\nHonduras. In general, the rainfall received in\r\nthese areas is roughly equivalent to the average\r\nprecipitation received in a 1-year period.\r\nWe used 10-m digital elevation models\r\n(DEMs) generated from contours on two\r\nquadrangles in the central Sierra de las\r\nMinas to create a map showing areas that\r\nwere susceptible to landslides during\r\nHurricane Mitch. To create the Hurricane\r\nMitch susceptibility map, we developed a\r\nsusceptibility threshold equation based on\r\nelevation and gradient. The analysis indicates\r\nthat, at least on two quadrangles, gradients\r\nless than 9? were not susceptible to\r\nlandslides during Hurricane Mitch. The\r\nslope of the line defined by the threshold\r\nequation indicates that less rainfall was\r\nrequired to initiate landslides on steep gradients\r\nthan on shallow gradients. Ninety percent\r\nof the mapped landslides that were triggered\r\nby Hurricane Mitch are within the\r\nsusceptible zone shown on the map. Eightysix\r\npercent of landslides that were mapped\r\nas predating Hurricane Mitch, and all landslides\r\nmapped as postdating Hurricane\r\nMitch, are within the susceptible zone.\r\nWe used LAHARZ software to model the\r\npotential downstream area affected by debris\r\nif a large landslide dam on the Rio La Lima\r\nwere to fail. The model shows that the area\r\naffected would be similar to the area that\r\nwas affected by a debris flow that mobilized\r\nfrom a large landslide along the Rio La\r\nLima during Hurricane Mitch.\r\nThe characteristics of rainfall-triggered\r\nlandslides described in this report can be\r\nused as a partial guide to future landslide\r\nactivity triggered by rainstorms. On the\r\nbasis of existing data, hazardous areas\r\ninclude: moderate to steep hillslopes and\r\n",
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         "name": "Bradley, Lee-Ann bradley@usgs.gov",
         "givenName": "Lee-Ann",
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             "name": "Geologic Hazards Science Center",
             "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/geologic-hazards-science-center"
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         "name": "Godt, Jonathan W. jgodt@usgs.gov",
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             "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/geologic-hazards-science-center"
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         "name": "Dart, Richard L. dart@usgs.gov",
         "givenName": "Richard L.",
         "familyName": "Dart",
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         "name": "Coe, Jeffrey A. jcoe@usgs.gov",
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