Item talk:Q73138

From geokb

{

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     "name": "Volcano hazards in the San Salvador region, El Salvador",
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     "datePublished": "2001",
     "dateModified": "2013-11-22",
     "abstract": "San Salvador volcano is one of many volcanoes along the volcanic arc in El Salvador \n(figure 1). This volcano, having a volume of about \n110 cubic kilometers, towers above San Salvador, \nthe country\u2019s capital and largest city. The city has a \npopulation of approximately 2 million, and a \npopulation density of about 2100 people per square \nkilometer. The city of San Salvador and other \ncommunities have gradually encroached onto the \nlower flanks of the volcano, increasing the risk that \neven small events may have serious societal \nconsequences. San Salvador volcano has not \nerupted for more than 80 years, but it has a long \nhistory of repeated, and sometimes violent, eruptions. The volcano is composed of remnants of \nmultiple eruptive centers, and these remnants are \ncommonly referred to by several names. The \ncentral part of the volcano, which contains a large \ncircular crater, is known as El Boquer\u00f3n, and it \nrises to an altitude of about 1890 meters. El \nPicacho, the prominent peak of highest elevation \n(1960 meters altitude) to the northeast of the crater, \nand El Jabali, the peak to the northwest of the \ncrater, represent remnants of an older, larger \nedifice. The volcano has erupted several times \nduring the past 70,000 years from vents central to \nthe volcano as well as from smaller vents and \nfissures on its flanks [1] (numerals in brackets refer \nto end notes in the report). In addition, several \nsmall cinder cones and explosion craters are \nlocated within 10 kilometers of the volcano. Since \nabout 1200 A.D., eruptions have occurred almost \nexclusively along, or a few kilometers beyond, the \nnorthwest flank of the volcano, and have consisted \nprimarily of small explosions and emplacement of \nlava flows. However, San Salvador volcano has \nerupted violently and explosively in the past, even \nas recently as 800 years ago. When such eruptions \noccur again, substantial population and infrastructure will be at risk.\n\nVolcanic eruptions are not the only events that \npresent a risk to local communities. Another \nconcern is a landslide and an associated debris flow \n(a watery flow of mud, rock, and debris--also \nknown as a lahar) that could occur during periods \nof no volcanic activity. An event of this type \noccurred in 1998 at Casita volcano in Nicaragua \nwhen extremely heavy rainfall from Hurricane \nMitch triggered a landslide that moved down slope \nand transformed into a rapidly moving debris flow \nthat destroyed two villages and killed more than \n2000 people. Historical landslides up to a few \nhundred thousand cubic meters in volume have \nbeen triggered on San Salvador volcano by torrential rainstorms and earthquakes, and some have \ntransformed into debris flows that have inundated \npopulated areas down stream. Destructive rainfall- and earthquake-triggered landslides and debris \nflows on or near San Salvador volcano in September 1982 and January 2001 demonstrate that such \nmass movements in El Salvador have also been \nlethal.\n\nThis report describes the kinds of hazardous \nevents that occur at volcanoes in general and the \nkinds of hazardous geologic events that have \noccurred at San Salvador volcano in the past. The \naccompanying volcano-hazards-zonation maps \nshow areas that are likely to be at risk when \nhazardous events occur again.",
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         "name": "Schilling, S. P.",
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