Item talk:Q59766
From geokb
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"name": "Petrologic insights into basaltic volcanism at historically active Hawaiian volcanoes",
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"abstract": "Study of the petrology of Hawaiian volcanoes, in particular the historically active volcanoes on the Island of Hawai\u2018i, has long been of worldwide scientific interest. When Dr. Thomas A. Jaggar, Jr., established the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) in 1912, detailed observations on basaltic activity at K\u012blauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes increased dramatically. The period from 1912 to 1958 saw a gradual increase in the collection and analysis of samples from the historical eruptions of K\u012blauea and Mauna Loa and development of the concepts needed to evaluate them. In a classic 1955 paper, Howard Powers introduced the concepts of magnesia variation diagrams, to display basaltic compositions, and olivine-control lines, to distinguish between possibly comagmatic and clearly distinct basaltic lineages. In particular, he and others recognized that K\u012blauea and Mauna Loa basalts must have different sources.\nSubsequent years saw a great increase in petrologic data, as the development of the electron microprobe made it possible to routinely monitor glass and mineral compositions, in addition to bulk rock compositions. We now have 100 years\u2019 worth of glass compositions for K\u012blauea summit eruptions, which, together with expanding databases on prehistoric tephras, provide important constraints on the nature of K\u012blauea\u2019s summit reservoir. A series of chemically distinctive eruptions in the 1950s and 1960s facilitated evaluation of magma mixing and transport processes at K\u012blauea. At Mauna Loa, lava compositions are distinctive only at the trace element level, suggesting that its summit reservoir is better mixed than K\u012blauea\u2019s. Most summit lavas at both volcanoes, however, lie on olivine control lines having the same olivine composition (Fo86\u201387). Study of the ongoing East Rift Zone eruption at K\u012blauea has further illuminated the complexity of magma storage, resupply, and mixing along this very active rift zone.\nStudies of active and closed-system lava lakes have been part of HVO\u2019s efforts since Jaggar\u2019s unique descriptions of the Halema\u2018uma\u2018u lava lake that existed before 1924. Detailed study of closed-system bodies, including the 1959 K\u012blauea Iki, 1963 \u2018Alae, and 1965 and prehistoric Makaopuhi lava lakes and the U\u0113kahuna laccolith, have allowed recognition and quantification of processes of basalt differentiation. Specific topics reviewed herein include the occurrence of segregation veins and related structures, overall cooling history, and patterns of crystallization and reequilibration of olivine in various lava lakes.\nIn recent decades, study of the submarine slopes of the Island of Hawai\u2018i and of L\u014d\u2018ihi Seamount has revolutionized our understanding of the early history of Hawaiian volcanoes. Observations of L\u014d\u2018ihi lavas first established the existence of an early alkalic stage in the evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes. Stages of volcanic development from inception to tholeiitic shield building can be observed in K\u012blauea\u2019s submarine and subaerial sections. One distinctive feature of submarine volcanics at K\u012blauea, Mauna Loa, and Hual\u0101lai is that picritic lavas are more abundant than in subaerial eruptions. Also, olivine compositions of submarine lavas are more magnesian, ranging from Fo88 at K\u012blauea to Fo89 at Hual\u0101lai. The most magnesian glasses known from K\u012blauea (MgO=14.7\u201315.0 weight percent) were found along the submarine part of K\u012blauea\u2019s East Rift Zone.\nContributions to our knowledge of the nature of the mantle source(s) of Hawaiian basalts are reviewed briefly, although this is a topic where debate is ongoing. Finally, our accumulated petrologic observations impose constraints on the nature of the summit reservoirs at K\u012blauea and Mauna Loa, specifically whether the summit chamber has been continuous or segmented during past decades.",
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