Item talk:Q59304
From geokb
{
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"name": "Chloride concentrations, loads, and yields in four watersheds along Interstate 95, southeastern Connecticut, 2008-11: factors that affect peak chloride concentrations during winter storms",
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"url": "https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155057"
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"abstract": "Chloride (Cl-) concentrations and loads and other water chemistry characteristics were assessed to evaluate potential effects of road-deicer applications on streamwater quality in four watersheds along Interstate 95 (I\u201395) in southeastern Connecticut from November 1, 2008, through September 30, 2011. Streamflow and water quality were studied in the Four Mile River, Oil Mill Brook, Stony Brook, and Jordan Brook watersheds, where developed land ranged from 9 to 32 percent. Water-quality samples were collected and specific conductance was measured continuously at paired water-quality monitoring sites, upstream and downstream from I\u201395. Specific conductance values were related to Cl-\u00a0concentrations to assist in determining the effects of road-deicing operations on the levels of Cl-in the streams. Streamflow and water-quality data were compared with weather data and with the timing, amount, and composition of deicers applied to State highways. Grab samples were collected during winter stormwater-runoff events, such as winter storms or periods of rain or warm temperatures in which melting takes place. Grab samples were also collected periodically during the spring and summer and during base-flow conditions.\nThe estimated Cl-\u00a0concentrations at the eight water-quality monitoring sites during winter storms peaked as high as 270 milligrams per liter (mg/L) and were well below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommended acute chloride toxicity criterion of 860 mg/L and the chronic 4-day average toxicity criterion of 230 mg/L. Cl-\u00a0concentrations in streams, particularly at sites downstream from I\u201395, peaked during increased streamflow in the winter and early spring as a result of deicers applied to roads and washed off by stormwater or meltwater. Cl-\u00a0concentrations during most of the nonwinter seasons decreased during increases in streamflow because storm runoff was more dilute than base flow. However, peaks in specific conductance and estimated chloride concentrations at streams in more urbanized watersheds corresponded to peaks in streamflow well after winter snow or ice events; these delayed peaks in Cl-\u00a0concentration likely resulted from deicer residue that remained in melting snow piles and on roadsides and (or) that were flushed from soils and shallow groundwater, then discharged downstream.\nEstimated peak Cl-\u00a0concentrations varied with the type of winter storm event and were highest during or after winter storms of frozen precipitation and rain, in which the rain or meltwater effectively washed off the deicers. Estimated peak Cl-\u00a0concentrations correlated positively with the duration of deicer application but generally not with streamflow. Estimated peak Cl-concentrations during the winter season were highest during low streamflow at most sites.\nChloride concentrations varied considerably in shallow groundwater as a result of land-use differences. Cl-\u00a0concentrations were very high (as high as 800 mg/L) in shallow groundwater downstream from I\u201395 at the Four Mile River site. Chloride/bromide mass concentration ratios and the proximity of a former landfill and sewage lagoon upstream indicate a likely source of Cl-\u00a0is landfill leachate and possibly sewage leachate.\nCl-\u00a0loads in streams generally were highest in the winter and early spring. The estimated daily Cl-\u00a0yield for the four monitoring sites downstream from I\u201395 ranged from 0.0004 ton per day per square mile for one of the least developed watersheds to 0.052 ton per day per square mile for the watershed with the highest percentage of urban development and impervious area. The estimated median contribution of Cl-\u00a0load from atmospheric deposition was small and ranged from 0.07 percent of Cl-\u00a0load at the Jordan Brook watershed to 0.57 percent at the Oil Mill Brook watershed. The Cl-\u00a0loads in streams (outputs) were compared with Cl-\u00a0load inputs, which include atmospheric deposition and deicer applications; Cl-\u00a0load inputs were slightly larger than the Cl-\u00a0load outputs at most of the sites during most years but do not account for the Cl-\u00a0load in groundwater leaving the watersheds.\nA multiple linear regression model was developed to describe the variability of the natural log of peak specific conductance, as well as estimated Cl-\u00a0concentrations. Five significant variables best explained the variability in the natural log of the peak specific conductance after deicing events: (1) snow on ground before deicing event; (2) winter precipitation with rain; (3) specific conductance in base flow; (4) State-operated road lane miles divided by watershed area; and (5) amount of Cl-\u00a0from deicers applied to State-operated roads per lane mile. In this report, winter precipitation is defined as any type of precipitation, including frozen precipitation and rain, that occurs during the active deicing season, typically November through March. Frozen precipitation is defined here as snow, sleet, freezing rain, or any winter precipitation except rain.\nThe addition of a lane mile in both directions on I\u201395 would result in an estimate of approximately 2 to 11 percent increase in Cl-\u00a0input from deicers applied to I\u201395 and other roads maintained by Connecticut Department of Transportation. The largest estimated increase in Cl-\u00a0load was in the watersheds with the greatest number miles of I\u201395 corridor relative to the total lane miles maintained by Connecticut Department of Transportation. On the basis of these estimates and the estimated peak Cl-\u00a0concentrations during the study period, it is unlikely that the increased use of deicers on the additional lanes would lead to Cl-\u00a0concentrations that exceed the aquatic habitat criteria.",
"description": "Report: x, 68 p.; Appendix; Tables",
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