Item talk:Q58760

From geokb

{

 "USGS Publications Warehouse": {
   "schema": {
     "@context": "https://schema.org",
     "@type": "CreativeWork",
     "additionalType": "USGS Numbered Series",
     "name": "Algorithms used in the Airborne Lidar Processing System (ALPS)",
     "identifier": [
       {
         "@type": "PropertyValue",
         "propertyID": "USGS Publications Warehouse IndexID",
         "value": "ofr20161046",
         "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20161046"
       },
       {
         "@type": "PropertyValue",
         "propertyID": "USGS Publications Warehouse Internal ID",
         "value": 70170865
       },
       {
         "@type": "PropertyValue",
         "propertyID": "DOI",
         "value": "10.3133/ofr20161046",
         "url": "https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161046"
       }
     ],
     "inLanguage": "en",
     "isPartOf": [
       {
         "@type": "CreativeWorkSeries",
         "name": "Open-File Report"
       }
     ],
     "datePublished": "2016",
     "dateModified": "2016-05-23",
     "abstract": "The Airborne Lidar Processing System (ALPS) analyzes Experimental Advanced Airborne Research Lidar (EAARL) data\u2014digitized laser-return waveforms, position, and attitude data\u2014to derive point clouds of target surfaces. A full-waveform airborne lidar system, the EAARL seamlessly and simultaneously collects mixed environment data, including submerged, sub-aerial bare earth, and vegetation-covered topographies.ALPS uses three waveform target-detection algorithms to determine target positions within a given waveform: centroid analysis, leading edge detection, and bottom detection using water-column backscatter modeling. The centroid analysis algorithm detects opaque hard surfaces. The leading edge algorithm detects topography beneath vegetation and shallow, submerged topography. The bottom detection algorithm uses water-column backscatter modeling for deeper submerged topography in turbid water.The report describes slant range calculations and explains how ALPS uses laser range and orientation measurements to project measurement points into the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system. Parameters used for coordinate transformations in ALPS are described, as are Interactive Data Language-based methods for gridding EAARL point cloud data to derive digital elevation models. Noise reduction in point clouds through use of a random consensus filter is explained, and detailed pseudocode, mathematical equations, and Yorick source code accompany the report.",
     "description": "x, 45 p.",
     "publisher": {
       "@type": "Organization",
       "name": "U.S. Geological Survey"
     },
     "author": [
       {
         "@type": "Person",
         "name": "Nagle, David B. dnagle@usgs.gov",
         "givenName": "David B.",
         "familyName": "Nagle",
         "email": "dnagle@usgs.gov",
         "identifier": {
           "@type": "PropertyValue",
           "propertyID": "ORCID",
           "value": "0000-0002-2306-6147",
           "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2306-6147"
         },
         "affiliation": [
           {
             "@type": "Organization",
             "name": "St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center",
             "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/spcmsc"
           }
         ]
       },
       {
         "@type": "Person",
         "name": "Wright, C. Wayne wwright@usgs.gov",
         "givenName": "C. Wayne",
         "familyName": "Wright",
         "email": "wwright@usgs.gov",
         "affiliation": [
           {
             "@type": "Organization",
             "name": "St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center",
             "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/spcmsc"
           }
         ]
       }
     ],
     "funder": [
       {
         "@type": "Organization",
         "name": "St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center",
         "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/spcmsc"
       }
     ]
   }
 },
 "OpenAlex": {
   "abstract_inverted_index": {
     "First": [
       0
     ],
     "posted": [
       1
     ],
     "May": [
       2
     ],
     "23,": [
       3
     ],
     "2016": [
       4
     ],
     "For": [
       5
     ],
     "additional": [
       6
     ],
     "information,": [
       7
     ],
     "contact:": [
       8
     ],
     "Director,": [
       9
     ],
     "St.": [
       10,
       24
     ],
     "Petersburg": [
       11
     ],
     "Coastal": [
       12
     ],
     "and": [
       13,
       48,
       65,
       76,
       97,
       120,
       144,
       151,
       205,
       210
     ],
     "Marine": [
       14
     ],
     "Science": [
       15
     ],
     "Center": [
       16
     ],
     "U.S.": [
       17
     ],
     "Geological": [
       18
     ],
     "Survey": [
       19
     ],
     "600": [
       20
     ],
     "4th": [
       21
     ],
     "Street": [
       22
     ],
     "South": [
       23
     ],
     "Petersburg,": [
       25
     ],
     "FL": [
       26
     ],
     "33701": [
       27
     ],
     "(727)": [
       28
     ],
     "502\u20138000": [
       29
     ],
     "http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/": [
       30
     ],
     "The": [
       31,
       104,
       112,
       124
     ],
     "Airborne": [
       32,
       40
     ],
     "Lidar": [
       33,
       42
     ],
     "Processing": [
       34
     ],
     "System": [
       35
     ],
     "(ALPS)": [
       36
     ],
     "analyzes": [
       37
     ],
     "Experimental": [
       38
     ],
     "Advanced": [
       39
     ],
     "Research": [
       41
     ],
     "(EAARL)": [
       43
     ],
     "data\u2014digitized": [
       44
     ],
     "laser-return": [
       45
     ],
     "waveforms,": [
       46
     ],
     "position,": [
       47
     ],
     "attitude": [
       49
     ],
     "data\u2014to": [
       50
     ],
     "derive": [
       51,
       187
     ],
     "point": [
       52,
       183,
       194
     ],
     "clouds": [
       53,
       195
     ],
     "of": [
       54,
       198
     ],
     "target": [
       55,
       86
     ],
     "surfaces.": [
       56,
       111
     ],
     "A": [
       57
     ],
     "full-waveform": [
       58
     ],
     "airborne": [
       59
     ],
     "lidar": [
       60
     ],
     "system,": [
       61
     ],
     "the": [
       62,
       159,
       215
     ],
     "EAARL": [
       63,
       182
     ],
     "seamlessly": [
       64
     ],
     "simultaneously": [
       66
     ],
     "collects": [
       67
     ],
     "mixed": [
       68
     ],
     "environment": [
       69
     ],
     "data,": [
       70
     ],
     "including": [
       71
     ],
     "submerged,": [
       72
     ],
     "sub-aerial": [
       73
     ],
     "bare": [
       74
     ],
     "earth,": [
       75
     ],
     "vegetation-covered": [
       77
     ],
     "topographies.ALPS": [
       78
     ],
     "uses": [
       79,
       128,
       148
     ],
     "three": [
       80
     ],
     "waveform": [
       81
     ],
     "target-detection": [
       82
     ],
     "algorithms": [
       83
     ],
     "to": [
       84,
       154,
       186
     ],
     "determine": [
       85
     ],
     "positions": [
       87
     ],
     "within": [
       88
     ],
     "a": [
       89,
       199
     ],
     "given": [
       90
     ],
     "waveform:": [
       91
     ],
     "centroid": [
       92,
       105
     ],
     "analysis,": [
       93
     ],
     "leading": [
       94,
       113
     ],
     "edge": [
       95,
       114
     ],
     "detection,": [
       96
     ],
     "bottom": [
       98,
       125
     ],
     "detection": [
       99,
       126
     ],
     "using": [
       100
     ],
     "water-column": [
       101,
       129
     ],
     "backscatter": [
       102,
       130
     ],
     "modeling.": [
       103
     ],
     "analysis": [
       106
     ],
     "algorithm": [
       107,
       115,
       127
     ],
     "detects": [
       108,
       116
     ],
     "opaque": [
       109
     ],
     "hard": [
       110
     ],
     "topography": [
       117,
       135
     ],
     "beneath": [
       118
     ],
     "vegetation": [
       119
     ],
     "shallow,": [
       121
     ],
     "submerged": [
       122,
       134
     ],
     "topography.": [
       123
     ],
     "modeling": [
       131
     ],
     "for": [
       132,
       167,
       180
     ],
     "deeper": [
       133
     ],
     "in": [
       136,
       170,
       193
     ],
     "turbid": [
       137
     ],
     "water.The": [
       138
     ],
     "report": [
       139
     ],
     "describes": [
       140
     ],
     "slant": [
       141
     ],
     "range": [
       142,
       150
     ],
     "calculations": [
       143
     ],
     "explains": [
       145
     ],
     "how": [
       146
     ],
     "ALPS": [
       147,
       171
     ],
     "laser": [
       149
     ],
     "orientation": [
       152
     ],
     "measurements": [
       153
     ],
     "project": [
       155
     ],
     "measurement": [
       156
     ],
     "points": [
       157
     ],
     "into": [
       158
     ],
     "Universal": [
       160
     ],
     "Transverse": [
       161
     ],
     "Mercator": [
       162
     ],
     "coordinate": [
       163,
       168
     ],
     "system.": [
       164
     ],
     "Parameters": [
       165
     ],
     "used": [
       166
     ],
     "transformations": [
       169
     ],
     "are": [
       172,
       175
     ],
     "described,": [
       173
     ],
     "as": [
       174
     ],
     "Interactive": [
       176
     ],
     "Data": [
       177
     ],
     "Language-based": [
       178
     ],
     "methods": [
       179
     ],
     "gridding": [
       181
     ],
     "cloud": [
       184
     ],
     "data": [
       185
     ],
     "digital": [
       188
     ],
     "elevation": [
       189
     ],
     "models.": [
       190
     ],
     "Noise": [
       191
     ],
     "reduction": [
       192
     ],
     "through": [
       196
     ],
     "use": [
       197
     ],
     "random": [
       200
     ],
     "consensus": [
       201
     ],
     "filter": [
       202
     ],
     "is": [
       203
     ],
     "explained,": [
       204
     ],
     "detailed": [
       206
     ],
     "pseudocode,": [
       207
     ],
     "mathematical": [
       208
     ],
     "equations,": [
       209
     ],
     "Yorick": [
       211
     ],
     "source": [
       212
     ],
     "code": [
       213
     ],
     "accompany": [
       214
     ],
     "report.": [
       216
     ]
   },
   "apc_list": null,
   "apc_paid": null,
   "authorships": [
     {
       "author_position": "first",
       "author": {
         "id": "https://openalex.org/A5043616611",
         "display_name": "David B. Nagle",
         "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2306-6147"
       },
       "institutions": [
         {
           "id": "https://openalex.org/I1286329397",
           "display_name": "United States Geological Survey",
           "ror": "https://ror.org/035a68863",
           "country_code": "US",
           "type": "government",
           "lineage": [
             "https://openalex.org/I1286329397",
             "https://openalex.org/I1335927249"
           ]
         }
       ],
       "countries": [
         "US"
       ],
       "is_corresponding": false,
       "raw_author_name": "David B. Nagle",
       "raw_affiliation_strings": [
         "U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia"
       ],
       "affiliations": [
         {
           "raw_affiliation_string": "U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia",
           "institution_ids": [
             "https://openalex.org/I1286329397"
           ]
         }
       ]
     },
     {
       "author_position": "last",
       "author": {
         "id": "https://openalex.org/A5012968848",
         "display_name": "C. Wayne Wright",
         "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0264-6599"
       },
       "institutions": [
         {
           "id": "https://openalex.org/I1286329397",
           "display_name": "United States Geological Survey",
           "ror": "https://ror.org/035a68863",
           "country_code": "US",
           "type": "government",
           "lineage": [
             "https://openalex.org/I1286329397",
             "https://openalex.org/I1335927249"
           ]
         }
       ],
       "countries": [
         "US"
       ],
       "is_corresponding": false,
       "raw_author_name": "C. Wayne Wright",
       "raw_affiliation_strings": [
         "U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia"
       ],
       "affiliations": [
         {
           "raw_affiliation_string": "U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia",
           "institution_ids": [
             "https://openalex.org/I1286329397"
           ]
         }
       ]
     }
   ],
   "best_oa_location": {
     "is_oa": true,
     "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161046",
     "pdf_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1046/ofr20161046.pdf",
     "source": {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210194219",
       "display_name": "Antarctica A Keystone in a Changing World",
       "issn_l": "0196-1497",
       "issn": [
         "0196-1497",
         "2331-1258",
         "2332-4899"
       ],
       "is_oa": true,
       "is_in_doaj": false,
       "is_core": true,
       "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310316088",
       "host_organization_name": "United States Department of the Interior",
       "host_organization_lineage": [
         "https://openalex.org/P4310316088"
       ],
       "host_organization_lineage_names": [
         "United States Department of the Interior"
       ],
       "type": "journal"
     },
     "license": null,
     "license_id": null,
     "version": "publishedVersion",
     "is_accepted": true,
     "is_published": true
   },
   "biblio": {
     "volume": null,
     "issue": null,
     "first_page": null,
     "last_page": null
   },
   "citation_normalized_percentile": {
     "value": 0.684755,
     "is_in_top_1_percent": false,
     "is_in_top_10_percent": false
   },
   "cited_by_api_url": "https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2394657907",
   "cited_by_count": 7,
   "cited_by_percentile_year": {
     "min": 85,
     "max": 86
   },
   "concepts": [
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/c51399673",
       "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027",
       "display_name": "Lidar",
       "level": 2,
       "score": 0.855999,
       "qid": "Q158843"
     },
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/c62649853",
       "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687",
       "display_name": "Remote sensing",
       "level": 1,
       "score": 0.6636244,
       "qid": "Q158877"
     },
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/c131979681",
       "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648",
       "display_name": "Point cloud",
       "level": 2,
       "score": 0.655384,
       "qid": null
     },
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/c127313418",
       "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069",
       "display_name": "Geology",
       "level": 0,
       "score": 0.58613867,
       "qid": "Q158984"
     },
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/c181843262",
       "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640492",
       "display_name": "Digital elevation model",
       "level": 2,
       "score": 0.5254782,
       "qid": null
     },
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/c146599234",
       "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q511093",
       "display_name": "Centroid",
       "level": 2,
       "score": 0.46943545,
       "qid": null
     },
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/c11413529",
       "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366",
       "display_name": "Algorithm",
       "level": 1,
       "score": 0.33124757,
       "qid": "Q226190"
     },
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/c41008148",
       "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198",
       "display_name": "Computer science",
       "level": 0,
       "score": 0.3082059,
       "qid": "Q158969"
     },
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/c154945302",
       "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660",
       "display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
       "level": 1,
       "score": 0.17203093,
       "qid": "Q166116"
     }
   ],
   "corresponding_author_ids": [],
   "corresponding_institution_ids": [],
   "countries_distinct_count": 1,
   "counts_by_year": [
     {
       "year": 2024,
       "cited_by_count": 1
     },
     {
       "year": 2022,
       "cited_by_count": 3
     },
     {
       "year": 2021,
       "cited_by_count": 1
     },
     {
       "year": 2020,
       "cited_by_count": 1
     },
     {
       "year": 2018,
       "cited_by_count": 1
     }
   ],
   "created_date": "2016-06-24",
   "datasets": [],
   "display_name": "Algorithms used in the Airborne Lidar Processing System (ALPS)",
   "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161046",
   "fulltext_origin": "pdf",
   "fwci": 0.163,
   "grants": [],
   "has_fulltext": true,
   "id": "https://openalex.org/W2394657907",
   "ids": {
     "openalex": "https://openalex.org/W2394657907",
     "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161046",
     "mag": "2394657907"
   },
   "indexed_in": [
     "crossref"
   ],
   "institutions_distinct_count": 1,
   "is_paratext": false,
   "is_retracted": false,
   "keywords": [
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/airborne-laser-scanning",
       "display_name": "Airborne Laser Scanning",
       "score": 0.623214
     },
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/terrestrial-laser-scanning",
       "display_name": "Terrestrial Laser Scanning",
       "score": 0.560532
     },
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar-remote-sensing",
       "display_name": "Lidar Remote Sensing",
       "score": 0.552625
     },
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/depth-sensing",
       "display_name": "Depth Sensing",
       "score": 0.538996
     },
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-ranging",
       "display_name": "Laser Ranging",
       "score": 0.525648
     },
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/centroid",
       "display_name": "Centroid",
       "score": 0.46943545
     }
   ],
   "language": "en",
   "locations": [
     {
       "is_oa": true,
       "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161046",
       "pdf_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1046/ofr20161046.pdf",
       "source": {
         "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210194219",
         "display_name": "Antarctica A Keystone in a Changing World",
         "issn_l": "0196-1497",
         "issn": [
           "0196-1497",
           "2331-1258",
           "2332-4899"
         ],
         "is_oa": true,
         "is_in_doaj": false,
         "is_core": true,
         "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310316088",
         "host_organization_name": "United States Department of the Interior",
         "host_organization_lineage": [
           "https://openalex.org/P4310316088"
         ],
         "host_organization_lineage_names": [
           "United States Department of the Interior"
         ],
         "type": "journal"
       },
       "license": null,
       "license_id": null,
       "version": "publishedVersion",
       "is_accepted": true,
       "is_published": true
     }
   ],
   "locations_count": 1,
   "mesh": [],
   "ngrams_url": "https://api.openalex.org/works/W2394657907/ngrams",
   "open_access": {
     "is_oa": true,
     "oa_status": "bronze",
     "oa_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1046/ofr20161046.pdf",
     "any_repository_has_fulltext": false
   },
   "primary_location": {
     "is_oa": true,
     "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161046",
     "pdf_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1046/ofr20161046.pdf",
     "source": {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210194219",
       "display_name": "Antarctica A Keystone in a Changing World",
       "issn_l": "0196-1497",
       "issn": [
         "0196-1497",
         "2331-1258",
         "2332-4899"
       ],
       "is_oa": true,
       "is_in_doaj": false,
       "is_core": true,
       "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310316088",
       "host_organization_name": "United States Department of the Interior",
       "host_organization_lineage": [
         "https://openalex.org/P4310316088"
       ],
       "host_organization_lineage_names": [
         "United States Department of the Interior"
       ],
       "type": "journal"
     },
     "license": null,
     "license_id": null,
     "version": "publishedVersion",
     "is_accepted": true,
     "is_published": true
   },
   "primary_topic": {
     "id": "https://openalex.org/T11164",
     "display_name": "Mapping Forests with Lidar Remote Sensing",
     "score": 0.9996,
     "subfield": {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2305",
       "display_name": "Environmental Engineering"
     },
     "field": {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/23",
       "display_name": "Environmental Science"
     },
     "domain": {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3",
       "display_name": "Physical Sciences"
     }
   },
   "publication_date": "2016-01-01",
   "publication_year": 2016,
   "referenced_works": [
     "https://openalex.org/W1483854707",
     "https://openalex.org/W1513102529",
     "https://openalex.org/W1543390139",
     "https://openalex.org/W1990314001",
     "https://openalex.org/W2084078215",
     "https://openalex.org/W2085261163",
     "https://openalex.org/W2092898148",
     "https://openalex.org/W2156791619",
     "https://openalex.org/W2566892694",
     "https://openalex.org/W2802561013",
     "https://openalex.org/W3176019521"
   ],
   "referenced_works_count": 11,
   "related_works": [
     "https://openalex.org/W4320725409",
     "https://openalex.org/W4293094720",
     "https://openalex.org/W3011451421",
     "https://openalex.org/W2739701376",
     "https://openalex.org/W2351984678",
     "https://openalex.org/W2140032575",
     "https://openalex.org/W2014835793",
     "https://openalex.org/W2012196540",
     "https://openalex.org/W2011860471",
     "https://openalex.org/W196913356"
   ],
   "sustainable_development_goals": [
     {
       "id": "https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14",
       "display_name": "Life below water",
       "score": 0.87
     }
   ],
   "title": "Algorithms used in the Airborne Lidar Processing System (ALPS)",
   "topics": [
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/T11164",
       "display_name": "Mapping Forests with Lidar Remote Sensing",
       "score": 0.9996,
       "subfield": {
         "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2305",
         "display_name": "Environmental Engineering"
       },
       "field": {
         "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/23",
         "display_name": "Environmental Science"
       },
       "domain": {
         "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3",
         "display_name": "Physical Sciences"
       }
     },
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/T12153",
       "display_name": "Time-of-Flight Imaging Techniques",
       "score": 0.9937,
       "subfield": {
         "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/3105",
         "display_name": "Instrumentation"
       },
       "field": {
         "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/31",
         "display_name": "Physics and Astronomy"
       },
       "domain": {
         "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3",
         "display_name": "Physical Sciences"
       }
     },
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/T10347",
       "display_name": "Aerosols' Impact on Climate and Hydrological Cycle",
       "score": 0.9705,
       "subfield": {
         "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2306",
         "display_name": "Global and Planetary Change"
       },
       "field": {
         "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/23",
         "display_name": "Environmental Science"
       },
       "domain": {
         "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3",
         "display_name": "Physical Sciences"
       }
     }
   ],
   "type": "article",
   "type_crossref": "journal-article",
   "updated_date": "2024-08-10T09:25:57.303655",
   "versions": [],
   "qid": "Q58760"
 }

}