Item talk:Q58366

From geokb

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     "name": "Spatially distributed groundwater recharge for 2010 land cover estimated using a water-budget model for the Island of O\u2018ahu, Hawai\u2018i",
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     "abstract": "Owing mainly to projected population growth, demand for freshwater on the Island of O\u02bbahu is expected to increase by about 26 percent between 2010 and 2030, according to the City and County of Honolulu. Estimates of groundwater recharge are needed to evaluate the availability of fresh groundwater. For this study, a water-budget model with a daily computation interval was developed and used to estimate the spatial distribution of recharge on O\u02bbahu for average climate conditions (1978\u20132007 rainfall and 2010 land cover) and for drought conditions (1998\u20132002 rainfall and 2010 land cover). For average climate conditions, mean annual recharge for O\u02bbahu is about 660 million gallons per day, or about 36 percent of precipitation (rainfall and fog interception). Recharge for average climate conditions is about 34 percent of total water inflow, which consists of precipitation, irrigation, septic leachate, water-main leakage, and seepage from reservoirs and cesspools. Recharge is high along the crest of the Ko\u02bbolau Range, reaching as much as about 180 inches per year in the north-central part of the range. Recharge is much lower outside of the mountainous areas of the island, commonly less than 5 inches per year in unirrigated areas. The island-wide estimate of groundwater recharge for average climate conditions from this study is within 1 percent of the recharge estimate used in the 2008 State of Hawai\u02bbi Water Resource Protection Plan, which divides the Island of O\u02bbahu into 23 aquifer systems for groundwater management purposes. To facilitate direct comparisons with this study, these 23 aquifer systems were consolidated into 21 aquifer systems. Recharge estimates from this study are higher for 12 of the aquifer-system areas and lower for 9. Differences in mean rainfall distribution and the inclusion of irrigation in this study are the primary reasons for discrepancies in recharge estimates between this study and the 2008 Hawai\u02bbi Water Resources Protection Plan. For drought conditions, mean annual recharge for O\u02bbahu is about 417 million gallons per day, which is about 37 percent less than recharge for average climate conditions. For individual aquifer-system areas, recharge for drought conditions is about 25 to 70 percent less than recharge for average climate conditions.",
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