Item talk:Q312718

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   "@type": "Article",
   "additionalType": "Journal Article",
   "name": "Pushing the Volcanic Explosivity Index to its limit and beyond: Constraints from exceptionally weak explosive eruptions at K\u012blauea in 2008",
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       "value": "10.1130/G34146.1",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1130/G34146.1"
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   "journal": {
     "@type": "Periodical",
     "name": "Geology",
     "volumeNumber": "41",
     "issueNumber": "6"
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   "inLanguage": "en",
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   "datePublished": "2013",
   "dateModified": "2017-11-03",
   "abstract": "Estimating the mass, volume, and dispersal of the deposits of very small and/or extremely weak explosive eruptions is difficult, unless they can be sampled on eruption. During explosive eruptions of Halema\u2018uma\u2018u Crater (K\u012blauea, Hawaii) in 2008, we constrained for the first time deposits of bulk volumes as small as 9\u2013300 m3\u00a0(1 \u00d7 104\u00a0to 8 \u00d7 105\u00a0kg) and can demonstrate that they show simple exponential thinning with distance from the vent. There is no simple fit for such products within classifications such as the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI). The VEI is being increasingly used as the measure of magnitude of explosive eruptions, and as an input for both hazard modeling and forecasting of atmospheric dispersal of tephra. The 2008 deposits demonstrate a problem for the use of the VEI, as originally defined, which classifies small, yet ballistic-producing, explosive eruptions at K\u012blauea and other basaltic volcanoes as nonexplosive. We suggest a simple change to extend the scale in a fashion inclusive of such very small deposits, and to make the VEI more consistent with other magnitude scales such as the Richter scale for earthquakes. Eruptions of this magnitude constitute a significant risk at K\u012blauea and elsewhere because of their high frequency and the growing number of \u201cvolcano tourists\u201d visiting basaltic volcanoes.",
   "description": "4 p.",
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       "name": "Swanson, Don donswan@usgs.gov",
       "givenName": "Don",
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       "name": "Houghton, Bruce F.",
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           "name": "University of Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit"
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       "givenName": "Tim R.",
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