Item talk:Q307456

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   "name": "Direct observation of the depth of active groundwater circulation in an alpine watershed",
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       "value": "10.1029/2020WR028548",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR028548"
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   "journal": {
     "@type": "Periodical",
     "name": "Water Resources Research",
     "volumeNumber": "57",
     "issueNumber": "2"
   },
   "inLanguage": "en",
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   "datePublished": "2021",
   "dateModified": "2021-03-25",
   "abstract": "The depth of active groundwater circulation is a fundamental control on stream flows and chemistry in mountain watersheds, yet it remains challenging to characterize and is rarely well constrained. We collected hydraulic conductivity, hydraulic head, temperature, chemical, noble gas, and\u00a03H/3He groundwater age data from discrete levels in two boreholes 46 and 81\u00a0m deep in an alpine watershed, in combination with chemical and age data from shallow groundwater discharge, to discern groundwater flow rates at different depths and directly observe active and inactive groundwater. Vertical head gradients are steep (average of 0.4) and thermal profiles are consistent with typical linear conductive continental geotherms. Groundwater deeper than \u223c20\u00a0m is distinct from shallow groundwater and creek water in its chemistry, noble gas signature, and age (dominantly >65\u00a0years compared to <9\u00a0years). Together these results suggest low vertical groundwater flow velocities and a relatively shallow active circulation depth of \u223c20\u00a0m. This hypothesis is tested with a simple 2\u2010D numerical fluid flow and heat transport model representing a hillslope transect through the two boreholes. The modeling indicates that the subhorizontally bedded sedimentary rocks underlying the basin are highly anisotropic with low vertical hydraulic conductivity, and at most \u223c10% of bedrock recharge (equivalent to <2% of stream baseflow) flows below a depth of 20\u00a0m. The study demonstrates the considerable value of discrete\u2010depth hydrogeologic, chemical, and age data for determining active circulation depth, and illustrates an approach for maximizing the utility of individual boreholes drilled for mountain bedrock aquifer characterization.",
   "description": "e2020WR028548, 21 p.",
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     "name": "American Geophysical Union"
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       "name": "Manning, Andrew H. amanning@usgs.gov",
       "givenName": "Andrew H.",
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       "name": "Williams, Kenneth H.",
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       "name": "Ball, Lyndsay B. lbball@usgs.gov",
       "givenName": "Lyndsay B.",
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