Item talk:Q305623

From geokb

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   "name": "Magma supply to K\u012blauea Volcano, Hawai\u2018i, from inception to now: Historical perspective, current state of knowledge, and future challenges",
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   "abstract": "Meticulous field observations are a common underpinning of two landmark studies conducted by Don Swanson dealing with the rate at which magma is supplied to K\u012blauea Volcano, Hawai\u2018i. The first combined effusion rate and ground deformation observations to show that the supply rate to K\u012blauea was constant at ~0.11 km3/yr during three sustained eruptions from 1952 to 1971, a quiescent period at neighboring Mauna Loa volcano. This rate was also interpreted as the steady supply rate from the mantle to both volcanoes combined throughout historical time. The second breakthrough involved field evidence that activity at K\u012blauea alternates between dominantly effusive and explosive styles over time scales of several centuries, and that the magma supply rate during explosive periods is only 1%-2% of the rate during effusive periods. For the historical period, several later studies concluded that the supply rate to K\u012blauea has varied by as much as an order of magnitude, contrary to Swanson\u2019s \u00adearlier suggestion. All such estimates are fraught with uncertainty, given the poorly known amount of magma stored within the volcano\u2019s rift zones as a function of time\u2014an enduring problem and active research topic. Nonetheless, Swanson\u2019s original work remains an important touchstone that spurred many subsequent investigations and refinements. For example, there is strong evidence that K\u012blauea experienced a surge in magma supply during 2003\u20132007 that exceeded the historical average by as much as a factor of two, and that the surge was followed by a comparable lull before the supply rate returned to \u201cnormal\u201d by 2016. There is also evidence for supply-rate variations of similar magnitude during the latter part of the twentieth century and possibly earlier, subject to the aforementioned uncertainty in rift-zone storage. The extent to which variations in the magma supply to K\u012blauea can be attributed to partitioning between K\u012blauea and Mauna Loa, a long-debated topic, remains uncertain. Since Kilauea\u2019s inception, the net magma supply to the volcano (and also to L\u014d\u2018ihi Seamount, since it began growing) has increased, while Mauna Loa\u2019s growth rate has slowed, suggesting that the volcanoes compete for the same magma supply. However, geochemical differences between lavas erupted at K\u012blauea and Mauna Loa indicate that they do not share a homogeneous mantle source or common lithospheric magma plumbing system. Both ideas might be correct; i.e., K\u012blauea and Mauna Loa magmas may be sourced in differing portions of the same melt accumulation zone and ascend through different crustal pathways, but those pathways interact through stress or pressure changes that modulate the supply to each volcano. Currently, magma supply-rate estimates are facilitated by comprehensive imaging of surface deformation and topographic change coupled with measurements of gas emissions. Physics-based models are being developed within a probabilistic framework to provide rigorous estimates of model parameters, including magma supply rate, and their uncertainties. Further refinement will require intensive multiparameter observations of the entire magmatic system\u2014from source to surface and above, and from the volcanoes\u2019 summits to their submerged lower flanks\u2014in order to account fully for a complex magma budget.",
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