Item talk:Q304546

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   "name": "Landfill mapping using multi-disciplinary geophysical techniques at the U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO",
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       "value": "70100271",
       "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70100271"
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   "inLanguage": "en",
   "datePublished": "1993",
   "dateModified": "2014-03-31",
   "abstract": "This paper describes a multi-disciplinary geophysical survey conducted over a\nlandfill on the U.S. Air Force Academy grounds near Colorado Springs, Colorado.\nThe landfill is known to contain waste generated during the construction of the\nAcademy and reportedly contains buried steel drums. The purpose of the\ngeophysical surveys was to determine the subsurface distribution of buried\nmetallic objects within the landfill.\nDifferent geophysical techniques were evaluated along a test line to determine\ntheir relative effectiveness at this site. The geophysical methods included\ntotal magnetic field, vertical magnetic gradient, VLF, horizontal and vertical\ncoplanar electromagnetic, GPR and seismic refraction.\nMagnetic and coplanar electromagnetic (EM) methods were chosen to survey the\nentire landfill because they easily detected magnetic and conductive sources and\nhave better anomaly resolution than other methods evaluated, as demonstrated by\nthe test line results. In addition, these methods are rapid and cost effective\nfor surveys involving a large number of measurements.\nSurveys of the landfill identified numerous magnetic and conductive anomalies\nindicating the presence of buried metallic objects. The vertical gradient and\nEM measurements indicate that several of the large total field anomalies are\nproduced by groups of smaller objects rather than by single, large buried\nsources. Many of the smaller anomalies are associated with the position of a\nrecently dismantled railroad track and result from iron and steel parts buried\nalong the abandoned grade.\nTwo long, narrow conductive anomalies were identified by the electromagnetic\nsurveys. These conductive features have no surface expression and apparently run\nthe length of the landfill. The EM data indicates these conductors are narrow\nand relatively shallow. One conductor is relatively magnetic, the other\nconductor has no magnetic signature suggesting a different composition.\nThe geophysical surveys determined that large areas of the landfill are\nrelatively free of buried metal due to the lack of observed magnetic or\nconductive anomalies. The geophysical data also suggests the landfill may be\nlarger than originally thought. Numerous magnetic and conductive responses were\nobserved beyond the eastern edge of the present landfill in an area thought to\nbe natural terrain.",
   "description": "p. 109-128",
   "publisher": {
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     "name": "U.S. Geological Survey"
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   "author": [
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       "@type": "Person",
       "name": "Horton, Robert rhorton@usgs.gov",
       "givenName": "Robert",
       "familyName": "Horton",
       "email": "rhorton@usgs.gov",
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         "value": "0000-0001-5578-3733",
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           "name": "Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center",
           "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/geology-energy-and-minerals-science-center"
         }
       ]
     },
     {
       "@type": "Person",
       "name": "Powers, Michael H. mhpowers@usgs.gov",
       "givenName": "Michael H.",
       "familyName": "Powers",
       "email": "mhpowers@usgs.gov",
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         "value": "0000-0002-4480-7856",
         "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4480-7856"
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           "name": "Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center",
           "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/geology-energy-and-minerals-science-center"
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       "@type": "Person",
       "name": "Busby, John W.",
       "givenName": "John W.",
       "familyName": "Busby"
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       "@type": "Person",
       "name": "Knoshaug, Ronald N.",
       "givenName": "Ronald N.",
       "familyName": "Knoshaug"
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       "name": "Colorado"
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