Item talk:Q303491

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   "name": "Glaciation and regional ground-water flow in the Fennoscandian Shield: Site 94",
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       "value": "70093913",
       "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70093913"
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       "value": 70093913
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   "inLanguage": "en",
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       "name": "SKI Report"
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   "datePublished": "1998",
   "dateModified": "2014-02-14",
   "abstract": "Results from a regional-scale ground-water flow model of the Fennoscandian shield \nsuggest that ground-water flow is strongly affected by surface conditions associated \nwith climatic change and glaciation. The model was used to run a series of numerical \nsimulations of variable-density ground-water flow in a 1500-km-long and approximately \n10-km-deep cross-section that passes through southern Sweden. Ground-water flow and \nshield brine transport in the cross-sectional model are controlled by an assumed time \nevolution of surface conditions over the next 140 ka.\n\nSimulations show that, under periglacial conditions, permafrost may locally or \nextensively impede the free recharge or discharge of ground water. Below cold-based \nglacial ice, no recharge or discharge of ground water occurs. Both of these conditions \nresult in the settling of shield brine and consequent freshening of near-surface water in \nareas of natural discharge blocked by permafrost. The presence of warm-based ice with \nbasal melting creates a potential for ground-water recharge rates much larger than \nunder present, ice-free conditions. Recharging basal meltwater can reach depths of a \nfew kilometers in a few thousand years. The vast majority of recharged water is \naccommodated through storage in the volume of bedrock below the local area of \nrecharge; regional (lateral) redistribution of recharged water by subsurface flow is minor \nover the duration of a glacial advance (~10 ka). During glacial retreat, the weight of the \nice overlying a given surface location decreases, and significant upward flow of ground \nwater may occur below the ice sheet due to pressure release, despite the continued \npotential for recharge of basal meltwater. Excess meltwater must exit from below the \nglacier through subglacial cavities and channels. Subsurface penetration of meltwater \nduring glacial advance and up-flow during glacial retreat are greatest if the loading \nefficiency of the shield rock is low. The maximum rate of ground-water discharge occurs \nat the receding ice margin, and some discharge occurs below incursive post-glacial seas.\n\nThe simulation results suggest that vertical movement of deep shield brines induced by \nthe next few glacial cycles should not increase the concentration of dissolved solids \nsignificantly above present-day levels. However, the concentration of dissolved solids \nshould decrease significantly at depths of up to several kilometers during periods of \nglacial meltwater recharge. The meltwater may reside in the subsurface for periods \nexceeding 10 ka and may bring oxygenated conditions to an otherwise reducing \nchemical environment.",
   "description": "82 p.",
   "publisher": {
     "@type": "Organization",
     "name": "Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate"
   },
   "author": [
     {
       "@type": "Person",
       "name": "Voss, Clifford I. cvoss@usgs.gov",
       "givenName": "Clifford I.",
       "familyName": "Voss",
       "email": "cvoss@usgs.gov",
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         "value": "0000-0001-5923-2752",
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       "affiliation": [
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           "@type": "Organization",
           "name": "National Research Program - Western Branch",
           "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/arizona-water-science-center"
         }
       ]
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     {
       "@type": "Person",
       "name": "Neuzil, C. E.",
       "givenName": "C. E.",
       "familyName": "Neuzil",
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         "value": "0000-0003-2022-4055",
         "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2022-4055"
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       "@type": "Person",
       "name": "Provost, Alden M.",
       "givenName": "Alden M.",
       "familyName": "Provost"
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       "name": "Sweden",
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