Item talk:Q302715
From geokb
{
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"name": "Coastal effects",
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"value": "70201869",
"url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70201869"
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"value": "10.7930/NCA4.2018.CH8",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.7930/NCA4.2018.CH8"
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"inLanguage": "en",
"datePublished": "2018",
"dateModified": "2019-02-01",
"abstract": "The Coasts chapter of the Third National Climate Assessment, published in 2014, focused on coastal lifelines at\u00a0risk, economic disruption, uneven social vulnerability, and vulnerable ecosystems. This Coastal Effects chapter of the Fourth National Climate Assessment updates those themes, with a focus on integrating the socioeconomic and environmental impacts and consequences of a changing climate. Specifically, the chapter builds on the threat of rising sea levels exacerbating tidal and storm surge flooding, the state of coastal ecosystems, and the treatment of social vulnerability by introducing the implications for social equity.U.S. coasts are dynamic environments and economically vibrant places to live and work. As of 2013, coastal shoreline counties were home to 133.2 million people, or 42% of the population.\u00a0The coasts are economic engines that support jobs in defense, fishing, transportation, and tourism industries; contribute substantially to the U.S. gross domestic product;\u00a0and serve as hubs of commerce, with seaports connecting the country with global trading partners.\u00a0Coasts are home to diverse\u00a0ecosystems\u00a0such as beaches, intertidal zones, reefs, seagrasses, salt marshes, estuaries, and deltas\u00a0that support a range of important services including fisheries, recreation, and coastal storm protection. U.S. coasts span three oceans, as well as the Gulf of Mexico, the Great Lakes, and Pacific and Caribbean islands.The social, economic, and environmental systems along the coasts are being affected by\u00a0climate change. Threats from sea level rise (SLR) are exacerbated by dynamic processes such as high tide and storm surge flooding\u00a0(Ch. 19: Southeast, KM 2),\u00a0erosion\u00a0(Ch. 26: Alaska, KM 2),\u00a0waves and their effects,\u00a0saltwater intrusion into coastal aquifers and elevated groundwater tables\u00a0(Ch. 27: Hawai\u02bbi & Pacific Islands, KM 1;\u00a0Ch. 3: Water, KM 1),\u00a0local rainfall\u00a0(Ch. 3: Water, KM 1),\u00a0river runoff\u00a0(Ch. 3: Water, KM 1),\u00a0increasing water and surface air temperatures\u00a0(Ch. 9: Oceans, KM 3),\u00a0and\u00a0ocean acidification\u00a0(see\u00a0Ch. 2: Climate, KM 3\u00a0and\u00a0Ch. 9: Oceans, KM 1,\u00a02, and\u00a03\u00a0for more information on ocean acidification, hypoxia, and ocean warming).Although storms, floods, and erosion have always been hazards, in combination with rising sea levels they now threaten approximately $1 trillion in national wealth held in coastal real estate\u00a0and the continued viability of coastal communities that depend on coastal water, land, and other resources for economic health and cultural integrity\u00a0(Ch. 15: Tribes, KM 1\u00a0and\u00a02).",
"description": "31 p.",
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"name": "U.S. Global Change Research Program"
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"name": "Fleming, Elizabeth",
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"name": "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers"
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"name": "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"
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{
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"name": "Craghan, Michael",
"givenName": "Michael",
"familyName": "Craghan",
"affiliation": [
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"name": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency"
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"name": "Haines, John W. jhaines@usgs.gov",
"givenName": "John W.",
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"name": "Coastal and Marine Geology Program",
"url": "https://www.usgs.gov/programs/cmhrp"
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"name": "Finzi Hart, Juliette",
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"name": "Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center",
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"name": "Stiller, Heidi",
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"name": "Avery, C. W.",
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"name": "Kunkel, K. E.",
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"name": "Lewis, K. L. M.",
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"name": "Maycock, T. K.",
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"name": "Stewart, B. C.",
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