Item talk:Q301058
From geokb
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"name": "The extreme space weather event in September 1909",
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"abstract": "We evaluate worldwide low-latitude auroral activity associated with the great magnetic storm of September 1909 for which a minimum Dst value of\u00a0\u2212595\u2009nT has recently been determined. From auroral observations, we calculate that the equatorward boundary of the auroral oval in the 1909 event was in the range from 31\u00b0\u201335\u00b0 invariant latitude (assuming auroral height of 400\u2009km) to 37\u00b0\u201338\u00b0 (800\u2009km). These locations compare with satellite-based observations of precipitating auroral electrons down to 40\u00b0 magnetic latitude for the March 1989 storm with its comparable minimum Dst value of\u00a0\u2212589\u2009nT. According to Japanese auroral records, bluish colour started to appear first, followed by reddish colour. The colour change can be attributed to the transition from sunlit aurora to the usual low-latitude reddish aurora. Telegraph communications were disrupted at mid/low latitudes, coincidently with the storm main phase and the early recovery phase. The telegraphic disturbances were caused by geomagnetically induced currents associated with the storm-time ring current and substorm current wedge. From the calculated CME energy \u2500 based on the 24.75 hr separation between the flare-associated magnetic crochet and the geomagnetic storm sudden commencement and interplanetary conditions inferred from geomagnetic data \u2500 and consideration of the \u223c\u221240\u2009nT crochet amplitude, we estimated that the soft X-ray class of the 24 September 1909 flare was \u2265X10. As is the case for other extreme storms, strong/sharp excursions in the horizontal component of the magnetic field observed at low-latitude magnetic stations were coincident with the observation of low-latitude aurora.",
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