Item talk:Q273691
From geokb
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"abstract": "Predator\u2013prey interactions are among the most fundamental of ecological relationships. Recolonizing gray wolf (Canis lupus\u00a0Linnaeus, 1758) populations present new challenges for wildlife management in multi-prey, multi-carnivore systems. We documented diet composition and kill rates for wolves in a recently recolonized area over winter and summer seasons (2014\u20132015). Elk (Cervus canadensis\u00a0Erxleben, 1777) were the primary ungulate prey (63%) located at wolf kill sites. Deer (mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus\u00a0(Rafinesque, 1817)) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus\u00a0(Zimmermann, 1780))) were less prevalent than elk in wolf diets, but the amount of deer in diets (40%\u201350%) varied by pack and season. Juvenile elk were the most prevalent class of prey in wolf diets during summer (63.3%) and winter (36.3%), with adult elk (32.5%) observed nearly as often as juveniles in winter. Kill rates varied by season, with rates 2.3 times higher in summer (mean\u00a0= 3.5\u00a0ungulates/week per pack) than winter (mean\u00a0= 1.5\u00a0ungulates/week per pack), consistent with increased availability and use of neonate prey. Prey biomass acquisition did not vary by pack or season (summer\u00a0= 243\u00a0kg/week per pack; winter\u00a0= 182\u00a0kg/week per pack). Our study quantified predation patterns for a recolonizing wolf population, and patterns that we documented were similar to other multi-prey systems in North America.",
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