Item talk:Q273369

{

 "USGS Publications Warehouse": {
   "@context": "https://schema.org",
   "@type": "Article",
   "additionalType": "Journal Article",
   "name": "A global assessment of the conservation status of the American Oystercatcher Haematopus palliatus",
   "identifier": [
     {
       "@type": "PropertyValue",
       "propertyID": "USGS Publications Warehouse IndexID",
       "value": "70154820",
       "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70154820"
     },
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       "value": 70154820
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   ],
   "journal": {
     "@type": "Periodical",
     "name": "International Wader Studies",
     "volumeNumber": "20",
     "issueNumber": null
   },
   "inLanguage": "en",
   "isPartOf": [
     {
       "@type": "CreativeWorkSeries",
       "name": "International Wader Studies"
     }
   ],
   "datePublished": "2014",
   "dateModified": "2017-02-27",
   "abstract": "The American Oystercatcher\u00a0Haematopus palliatus\u00a0is the most widely distributed of the four oystercatcher\u00a0species in the Western Hemisphere. Its range covers almost the entire Atlantic Coast from northeastern United\u00a0States to southern Argentina; on the Pacific Coast it is found from northern Mexico to central Chile. This\u00a0assessment covers the entire range of the species, and is not intended to serve as a substitute or update for\u00a0conservation plans that cover the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coast populations. Readers are advised to refer to\u00a0those plans, available at www.whsrn.org, for more detailed information about U.S. populations.\nThe subspecific taxonomy of\u00a0H. palliatus\u00a0is far from clear, but five races are recognized in this assessment,\u00a0primarily to facilitate reference to specific populations (Fig. 1). These are nominate\u00a0H. p. palliatus\u00a0(coasts of\u00a0eastern and southern United States; eastern Mexico; Pacific and Caribbean coasts of Central America; the\u00a0Caribbean; and northern and eastern South America);H. p. frazari\u00a0(Gulf of California and western Mexico);\u00a0H. p. pitanay\u00a0(coast of western South America);\u00a0H. p. durnfordi\u00a0(coast of southeast South America) and\u00a0H. p.\u00a0galapagensis\u00a0(Galapagos Islands). The Galapagos race may deserve species status.\nBased on a review of existing population estimates and an extrapolation of data from quantitative surveys\u00a0throughout its range, revised estimates are given for the populations of all five subspecies, and a total population\u00a0of about 43,000 individuals. The nominate race is the most abundant with an estimated population size\u00a0of about 20,000 individuals, while the least abundant is\u00a0H. p. galapagensis, with just 300 individuals estimated.\u00a0Biogeographic population estimates were used to determine 1% threshold levels and identify sites of regional\u00a0and global conservation importance. A total of 20 sites have been identified for\u00a0H. p. palliatus, 5 for\u00a0H. p.\u00a0frazari, 10 for\u00a0H. p. pitanay\u00a0and 10 for\u00a0H. p. durnfordi. No key sites were identified for\u00a0H. p. galapagensis\u00a0as it is found in low density scattered throughout the islands. Of these 45 sites, 14 have counts that surpass\u00a0the 1% level of the global population, and are thus of global conservation significance for the species. Because\u00a0the species is a dispersed breeder, the 1% threshold is of limited value in identifying key breeding sites. For the time being, these have been defined as sites holding 20 or more breeding pairs; 17 such sites have been\u00a0identified, with all but four in the United States. It is hoped that a more rigorous approach for identifying key\u00a0breeding sites can be developed in the future.\nAs an obligate coastal species, American Oystercatcher is at risk from widespread habitat loss due to coastal\u00a0development, and recreational activities that lead to nest disturbance and increased predation. This is exacerbated\u00a0by the species\u2019 low population size and low reproductive success. Climate change also poses a significant\u00a0future threat, especially with regard to sea-level rise.\nTo address these threats, conservation actions are proposed that focus on increased legal protection for the\u00a0species and on the conservation of key sites and important habitats. Conservation could include implementing\u00a0beneficial management practices, such as restoration of nest and roost sites, controlling predation, and reducing\u00a0disturbance. Education and outreach programs are needed throughout the species\u2019 range, especially for beach\u00a0users and urban planners. Training programs will be necessary to ensure successful implementation of many\u00a0of the priority conservation actions. Finally, a key first step in conserving this species across its range is the\u00a0creation of a\u00a0H. palliatus\u00a0Working Group. Modelled after the U.S. American Oystercatcher Working Group\u00a0this organization could unite researchers, conservationists, and educators from across the hemisphere to foster\u00a0coordinated research, conservation action, and monitoring as outlined in this assessment.",
   "description": "21 p.",
   "publisher": {
     "@type": "Organization",
     "name": "International Wader Study Group"
   },
   "author": [
     {
       "@type": "Person",
       "name": "Simons, Theodore R. tsimons@usgs.gov",
       "givenName": "Theodore R.",
       "familyName": "Simons",
       "email": "tsimons@usgs.gov",
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         "value": "0000-0002-1884-6229",
         "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1884-6229"
       },
       "affiliation": [
         {
           "@type": "Organization",
           "name": "Coop Res Unit Atlanta",
           "url": "https://www1.usgs.gov/coopunits/unit/Georgia"
         }
       ]
     },
     {
       "@type": "Person",
       "name": "Clay, Robert P.",
       "givenName": "Robert P.",
       "familyName": "Clay"
     },
     {
       "@type": "Person",
       "name": "Lesterhuis, Arne J.",
       "givenName": "Arne J.",
       "familyName": "Lesterhuis"
     },
     {
       "@type": "Person",
       "name": "Schulte, Shiloh A.",
       "givenName": "Shiloh A.",
       "familyName": "Schulte"
     },
     {
       "@type": "Person",
       "name": "Brown, Stephen",
       "givenName": "Stephen",
       "familyName": "Brown"
     },
     {
       "@type": "Person",
       "name": "Reynolds, Debra",
       "givenName": "Debra",
       "familyName": "Reynolds",
       "affiliation": [
         {
           "@type": "Organization",
           "name": "US Fish and Wildlife Service"
         }
       ]
     }
   ],
   "funder": [
     {
       "@type": "Organization",
       "name": "Coop Res Unit Atlanta",
       "url": "https://www1.usgs.gov/coopunits/unit/Georgia"
     }
   ]
 }

}