Item talk:Q272212
From geokb
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"name": "Occurrence and geochemistry of lead-210 and polonium-210 radionuclides in public-drinking-water supplies from principal aquifers of the United States",
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"abstract": "On the basis of lifetime cancer risks, lead-210 (210Pb) and polonium-210 (210Po) \u2265 1.0 and 0.7 pCi/L (picocuries per liter), respectively, in drinking-water supplies may pose human-health concerns.\u00a0210Pb and\u00a0210Po were detected at concentrations greater than these thresholds at 3.7 and 1.5%, respectively, of filtered untreated groundwater samples from 1263 public-supply wells in 19 principal aquifers across the United States. Nationally, 72% of samples with radon-222 (222Rn) concentrations > 4000 pCi/L had\u00a0210Pb \u2265 1.0 pCi/L.\u00a0210Pb is mobilized by alpha recoil associated with the decay of\u00a0222Rn and short-lived progeny.\u00a0210Pb concentrations \u2265 1.0 pCi/L occurred most frequently where acidic groundwaters inhibited\u00a0210Pb readsorption (felsic-crystalline rocks) and where reducing alkaline conditions favored dissolution of iron\u2013manganese- (Fe\u2013Mn-) oxyhydroxides (which adsorb\u00a0210Pb) and formation of lead\u2013carbonate complexes (enhancing lead (Pb) mobility).\u00a0210Po concentrations \u2265 0.7 pCi/L occurred almost exclusively in confined Coastal Plain aquifers where old (low percent-modern carbon-14) groundwaters were reducing, with high pH (>7.5) and high sodium/chloride (Na/Cl) ratios resulting from cation exchange. In high-pH environments, aqueous polonium (Po) is poorly sorbed, occurring as dihydrogen polonate (H2PoO3(aq)) or, under strongly reducing conditions, as a hydrogen-polonide anion (HPo\u2013). Fe\u2013Mn- and sulfate-reduction and cation-exchange processes may mobilize polonium from mineral surfaces. Po2+\u00a0occurrence in low-to-neutral-pH waters is attenuated by adsorption.",
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