Item talk:Q270764
From geokb
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"name": "Insights from long-term ungrazed and grazed watersheds in a salt desert Colorado Plateau ecosystem",
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"abstract": "Dryland ecosystems cover over 41% of the earth\u2019s land surface, and living within these important ecosystems are approximately 2 billion people, a large proportion of whom are subsistence agropastoralists. Improper grazing in drylands can negatively impact ecosystem productivity,\u00a0soil conservation, hydrologic processes, downstream water quantity and quality, and ultimately human health and economic well-being. Concerns regarding the degraded state of western US\u00a0rangelands\u00a0in the 1950s resulted in an interagency committee to study the effects of land use on runoff and erosion processes. In 1953, a federal research group established four paired watersheds in western Colorado to study the interaction of grazing by domestic livestock, runoff, and\u00a0sediment yield. Exclusion of livestock from half of the watersheds dramatically reduced runoff and sediment yield after the first 10 yr\u2014primarily due to changes in\u00a0ground cover\u00a0but not vegetation. Here, we report results of repeated soils and vegetation assessments of the experimental watersheds after more than 50 yr of grazing exclusion. Results show that many of the differences in\u00a0soil conditions\u00a0between grazed and ungrazed watersheds observed in the 1950s and 1960s were still present in 2004, despite reduced numbers of livestock: few differences in\u00a0vegetation cover\u00a0but large differences in biological soil crusts,\u00a0soil stability,\u00a0soil compaction, and soil\u00a0biogeochemistry. There were differences among\u00a0soil types\u00a0in response to grazing history, especially soil lichen cover and\u00a0soil organic matter, nitrogen, and sodium. Comparisons of ground cover measured in 2004 with those measured in 1953, 1966, and 1972 suggest much of the differences between grazed and ungrazed watersheds likely were driven by high sheep numbers during droughts in the 1950s. Persistence of these differences, despite large reductions in\u00a0stocking rates, suggest the combination of\u00a0overgrazing\u00a0and drought may have pushed these salt\u00a0desert ecosystems\u00a0into a persistent, degraded ecological state.",
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