Item talk:Q266735
From geokb
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"name": "Seismology with dark data: Image-based processing of analog records using machine learning for the rangely earthquake control experiment",
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"abstract": "Before the digital era, seismograms were recorded in analog form and read manually by analysts. The digital era represents only about 25% of the total time span of instrumental seismology. Analog data provide important constraints on earthquake processes over the long term, and in some cases are the only data available. The media on which analog data are recorded degrades with time and there is an urgent need for cost\u2010effective approaches to preserve the information they contain. In this study, we work directly with images by constructing a set of image\u2010based methods for earthquake processing, rather than pursue the usual approach of converting analog data to vector time series. We demonstrate this approach on one month of continuous Develocorder films from the Rangely earthquake control experiment run by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). We scan the films into images and compress these into low\u2010dimensional feature vectors as input to a classifier that separates earthquakes from noise in a defined feature space. We feed the detected event images into a short\u2010term average/long\u2010term average (STA/LTA) picker, a grid\u2010search associator, and a 2D image correlator to measure both absolute arrival times and relative arrival\u2010time differences between events. We use these measurements to locate the earthquakes using hypoDD. In the month that we studied, we identified 40 events clustered near the injection wells. In the original study,\u00a0Raleigh\u00a0et\u00a0al.\u00a0(1976)\u00a0identified only 32 events during the same period. Scanning without vectorizing analog seismograms represents an attractive approach to archiving these perishable data. We demonstrated that it is possible to carry out precision seismology directly on such images. Our approach has the potential for wide application to analog seismograms.",
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