Item talk:Q266006
From geokb
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"name": "Estimated groundwater recharge for mid-century and end-of-century climate projections, Kaua\u2018i, O\u2018ahu, Moloka\u2018i, L\u0101na\u2018i, Maui, and the Island of Hawai\u2018i",
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"abstract": "Demand for freshwater in the State of Hawai\u02bbi is expected to increase by roughly 13 percent from 2020 to 2035. Groundwater availability in Hawai\u02bbi is affected by a number of factors, including land cover, rainfall, runoff, evapotranspiration, and climate change. To evaluate the availability of fresh groundwater under projected future-climate conditions, estimates of groundwater recharge are needed. A water-budget model with a daily computation interval was used to estimate the spatial distribution of groundwater recharge for Kaua\u02bbi, O\u02bbahu, Moloka\u02bbi, L\u0101na\u02bbi, Maui, and the Island of Hawai\u02bbi for recent climate conditions and three future-climate scenarios. Climate conditions from 1978 to 2007 were used as the reference period for recent climate conditions on each island. The three future-climate scenarios were developed using available high-resolution downscaled climate projections that include (1) a mid-century scenario using projected rainfall conditions for the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenario during 2041\u201371 with a total radiative forcing of 8.5 watts per square meter by the year 2100 (RCP8.5 2041\u201371 scenario), (2) a dry-climate scenario using projected rainfall conditions for the RCP8.5 scenario during 2071\u201399, and (3) a wet-climate scenario using projected rainfall conditions for the \u201cSpecial Report on Emissions Scenarios\u201d A1B scenario during 2080\u201399 for Maui, the RCP4.5 scenario during 2080\u201399 for Kaua\u02bbi, L\u0101na\u02bbi, and the Island of Hawai\u02bbi, and the RCP8.5 scenario during 2080\u201399 for O\u02bbahu and Moloka\u02bbi. An additional drought scenario was added for L\u0101na\u02bbi to assess the effect of extreme drought conditions during 2008\u201312 on groundwater recharge. All scenarios used 2020 land cover.Mean annual groundwater recharge is estimated to decrease between 5 and 55 percent on all six islands in this study for the mid-century and dry-climate scenarios relative to the reference-period recharge. Recharge is estimated to increase for Kaua\u02bbi, O\u02bbahu, Moloka\u02bbi, L\u0101na\u02bbi, and Maui between 2 and 43 percent and decrease for the Island of Hawai\u02bbi by about 4 percent for the wet-climate scenario. Comparing the mid-century and dry-climate scenarios, all 110 aquifer systems (management areas defined by the State of Hawai\u02bbi Commission on Water Resource Management) from all six islands show similar direction in drying (104 aquifer systems) or wetting (6 aquifer systems) changes for recharge. However, among the three future scenarios, only 35 of 110 aquifer systems show similar direction in drying (30 aquifer systems) or wetting (5 aquifer systems) changes for recharge.",
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