Item talk:Q265239
From geokb
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"name": "The roles of environmental variation and parasite survival in virulence\u2013transmission relationships",
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"abstract": "Disease outbreaks are a consequence of interactions among the three components of a host\u2013parasite system: the infectious agent, the host and the environment. While virulence and transmission are widely investigated, most studies of parasite life-history trade-offs are conducted with theoretical models or tractable experimental systems where transmission is standardized and the environment controlled. Yet, biotic and abiotic environmental factors can strongly affect disease dynamics, and ultimately, host\u2013parasite coevolution. Here, we review research on how environmental context alters virulence\u2013transmission relationships, focusing on the off-host portion of the parasite life cycle, and how variation in parasite survival affects the evolution of virulence and transmission. We review three inter-related \u2018approaches\u2019 that have dominated the study of the evolution of virulence and transmission for different host\u2013parasite systems: (i) evolutionary trade-off theory, (ii) parasite local adaptation and (iii) parasite phylodynamics. These approaches consider the role of the environment in virulence and transmission evolution from different angles, which entail different advantages and potential biases. We suggest improvements to how to investigate virulence\u2013transmission relationships, through conceptual and methodological developments and taking environmental context into consideration. By combining developments in life-history evolution, phylogenetics, adaptive dynamics and comparative genomics, we can improve our understanding of virulence\u2013transmission relationships across a diversity of host\u2013parasite systems that have eluded experimental study of parasite life history.",
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