Item talk:Q265056
From geokb
{
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"name": "Reduction of paraoxonase expression followed by inactivation across independent semiaquatic mammals suggests stepwise path to pseudogenization",
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"abstract": "Convergent adaptation to the same environment by multiple lineages frequently involves rapid evolutionary change at the same genes, implicating these genes as important for environmental adaptation. Such adaptive molecular changes may yield either change or loss of protein function; loss of function can eliminate newly deleterious proteins or reduce energy necessary for protein production. We previously found a striking case of recurrent pseudogenization of the\u00a0Paraoxonase 1\u00a0(Pon1) gene among aquatic mammal lineages\u2014Pon1\u00a0became a pseudogene with genetic lesions, such as stop codons and frameshifts, at least four times independently in aquatic and semiaquatic mammals. Here, we assess the landscape and pace of pseudogenization by studying\u00a0Pon1\u00a0sequences, expression levels, and enzymatic activity across four aquatic and semiaquatic mammal lineages: pinnipeds, cetaceans, otters, and beavers. We observe in beavers and pinnipeds an unexpected reduction in expression of\u00a0Pon3, a paralog with similar expression patterns but different substrate preferences. Ultimately, in all lineages with aquatic/semiaquatic members, we find that preceding any coding-level pseudogenization events in\u00a0Pon1, there is a drastic decrease in expression, followed by relaxed selection, thus allowing accumulation of disrupting mutations. The recurrent loss of\u00a0Pon1\u00a0function in aquatic/semiaquatic lineages is consistent with a benefit to\u00a0Pon1\u00a0functional loss in aquatic environments. Accordingly, we examine diving and dietary traits across pinniped species as potential driving forces of\u00a0Pon1\u00a0functional loss. We find that loss is best associated with diving activity and likely results from changes in selective pressures associated with hypoxia and hypoxia-induced inflammation.",
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