Item talk:Q264918
From geokb
{
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I extracted information from measurements of 10 water\u2010quality constituents in upper San Francisco Bay from 1975 to 2016, one of the longest observational records in a U.S. estuary. Changes were detected at every time scale captured by monthly sampling. Long\u2010term trends included increased ammonium (+53%), nitrate + nitrate (+50%), silicate (+14%), Secchi depth (+42%), and decreased chlorophyll\u00a0a\u00a0(Chl\u00a0a) (\u221274%) and suspended particulate matter (\u221245%). Changes at the decadal scale included abrupt shifts (Chl\u00a0a, nitrate + nitrite) and oscillations between shorter trends of increase and decrease (Secchi depth, phosphate). Long\u2010term trends were not expressed equally across all seasons, and seasonal patterns of change varied across constituents. These examples illustrate key features of environmental variability at the land\u2013sea interface: (1) water\u2010quality components change continually at time scales from months to decades; (2) patterns of seasonal, multiyear, and multidecadal change are complex and vary across constituents; (3) primary drivers of change are freshwater inflow, the master regulator of estuarine dynamics, and human activities such as river damming, water diversions, wastewater discharge, environmental policies, and species introductions; (4) extracting the full information content of time series requires multiple analyses, each revealing a different layer of insight into how changes develop over time; (5) water\u2010quality variability is nonstationary, so future changes cannot be forecast reliably; (6) repeated observation is an essential method of Earth system science with applications in the design and performance measures of environmental policies.", "description": "17 p.", "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Wiley" }, "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "name": "Cloern, James", "givenName": "James", "familyName": "Cloern", "affiliation": [ { "@type": "Organization", "name": "National Research Program - Western Branch", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/arizona-water-science-center" } ] } ], "funder": [ { "@type": "Organization", "name": "WMA - Earth System Processes Division", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources" } ], "spatialCoverage": [ { "@type": "Place", "additionalType": "country", "name": "United States", "url": "https://geonames.org/4074035" }, { "@type": "Place", "additionalType": "state", "name": "California" }, { "@type": "Place", "additionalType": "unknown", "name": "San Francisco Bay", "url": "https://geonames.org/5391961" }, { "@type": "Place", "geo": [ { "@type": "GeoShape", "additionalProperty": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "name": "GeoJSON", "value": { "type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [ { "type": "Feature", 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"change.": [ 23 ], "I": [ 24 ], "extracted": [ 25 ], "from": [ 27, 38, 154 ], "measurements": [ 28 ], "of": [ 29, 43, 110, 129, 139, 160, 175, 183, 208, 219, 246, 258 ], "10": [ 30 ], "water\u2010quality": [ 31, 147, 228 ], "constituents": [ 32 ], "in": [ 33, 48, 252 ], "upper": [ 34 ], "San": [ 35 ], "Francisco": [ 36 ], "Bay": [ 37 ], "1975": [ 39 ], "2016,": [ 41 ], "one": [ 42 ], "the": [ 44, 93, 143, 180, 204, 253 ], "longest": [ 45 ], "observational": [ 46 ], "records": [ 47 ], "a": [ 49, 81, 83, 100, 216 ], "U.S.": [ 50 ], "estuary.": [ 51 ], "Changes": [ 52, 91 ], "were": [ 53, 119 ], "detected": [ 54 ], "at": [ 55, 92, 142, 151 ], "every": [ 56 ], "scale": [ 58, 95 ], "captured": [ 59 ], "by": [ 60 ], "monthly": [ 61 ], "sampling.": [ 62 ], "Long\u2010term": [ 63, 117 ], "trends": [ 64, 109, 118 ], "included": [ 65, 96 ], "increased": [ 66 ], "ammonium": [ 67 ], "(+53%),": [ 68 ], "nitrate": [ 69, 71, 102 ], "+": [ 70, 103 ], "(+50%),": [ 72 ], "silicate": [ 73 ], "(+14%),": [ 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