Item talk:Q253073
From geokb
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"name": "Trihalomethane precursors: Land use hot spots, persistence during transport, and management options",
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"abstract": "To meet\u00a0drinking water\u00a0regulations, rather than investing in costly treatment plant operations, managers can look for ways to improve source water quality; this requires understanding watershed sources and fates of constituents of concern. Trihalomethanes (THMs) are one of the major classes of regulated\u00a0disinfection byproducts, formed when a specific fraction of the\u00a0organic carbon\u00a0pool\u2014referred to as THM precursors\u2014reacts with chorine and/or bromine during treatment. Understanding the source, fate, timing and duration of the organic compounds that react to form THMs will allow identification of targeted and effective management actions. In this study we evaluated THM precursor contributions from multiple land use categories and hydrologic contexts, including novel data for\u00a0urban land uses\u00a0that demonstrate strong potential to release water with high THM formation potential (THMFP; median 618\u00a0\u03bcg\u00a0L\u22121): greater than storm runoff integrated across a mixed-use (1/3 natural, 2/3 agricultural) watershed (median 460\u00a0\u03bcg\u00a0L\u22121),\u00a0irrigation runoff\u00a0from agricultural systems (357\u00a0\u03bcg\u00a0L\u22121), or runoff from a natural forested (median 123\u00a0\u03bcg\u00a0L\u22121) and shrubland/grassland (median 259\u00a0\u03bcg\u00a0L\u22121) watersheds. While individual storm events released high THM precursor concentrations over short periods, dry season agricultural irrigation as well as urban landscapes have the potential to release water high in THM precursors for several months. Experimental bioassays and sampling along 333\u00a0miles of the California Aqueduct confirmed\u00a0bioavailability\u00a0and\u00a0photooxidation\u00a0potential of less than 10% for THM precursors, suggesting that rivers with residence times of days to weeks may act as THM precursor conduits, shuttling THM precursors from hundreds of miles away to drinking water intakes with minimal degradation. This finding has considerable implications for water managers, who may therefore consider THM precursor management strategies that target even sources located far upstream.",
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