Item talk:Q251204
From geokb
{
"USGS Publications Warehouse": { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Article", "additionalType": "Journal Article", "name": "Inference about density and temporary emigration in unmarked populations", "identifier": [ { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "USGS Publications Warehouse IndexID", "value": "70005075", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70005075" }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "USGS Publications Warehouse Internal ID", "value": 70005075 }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "DOI", "value": "10.1890/10-2433.1", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1890/10-2433.1" } ], "journal": { "@type": "Periodical", "name": "Ecology", "volumeNumber": "92", "issueNumber": "7" }, "inLanguage": "en", "isPartOf": [ { "@type": "CreativeWorkSeries", "name": "Ecology" } ], "datePublished": "2011", "dateModified": "2021-02-12", "abstract": "Few species are distributed uniformly in space, and populations of mobile organisms are rarely closed with respect to movement, yet many models of density rely upon these assumptions. We present a hierarchical model allowing inference about the density of unmarked populations subject to temporary emigration and imperfect detection. The model can be fit to data collected using a variety of standard survey methods such as repeated point counts in which removal sampling, double\u2010observer sampling, or distance sampling is used during each count. Simulation studies demonstrated that parameter estimators are unbiased when temporary emigration is either \u201ccompletely random\u201d or is determined by the size and location of home ranges relative to survey points. We also applied the model to repeated removal sampling data collected on Chestnut\u2010sided Warblers (Dendroica pensylvancia) in the White Mountain National Forest, USA. The density estimate from our model, 1.09 birds/ha, was similar to an estimate of 1.11 birds/ha produced by an intensive spot\u2010mapping effort. Our model is also applicable when processes other than temporary emigration affect the probability of being available for detection, such as in studies using cue counts. Functions to implement the model have been added to the R package\u00a0unmarked.", "description": "7 p.", "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Ecological Society of America" }, "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "name": "Royle, J. Andrew", "givenName": "J. Andrew", "familyName": "Royle", "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0003-3135-2167", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3135-2167" }, "affiliation": [ { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Patuxent Wildlife Research Center", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/pwrc" } ] }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Chandler, Richard B.", "givenName": "Richard B.", "familyName": "Chandler" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "King, David I.", "givenName": "David I.", "familyName": "King", "affiliation": [ { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA" }, { "@type": "Organization", "name": "USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station" } ] } ], "funder": [ { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Patuxent Wildlife Research Center", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/pwrc" } ], "spatialCoverage": [ { "@type": "Place", "additionalType": "country", "name": "United States", "url": "https://geonames.org/4074035" }, { "@type": "Place", "additionalType": "state", "name": "New Hampshire" }, { "@type": "Place", "additionalType": "unknown", "name": "White Mountain National Forest", "url": "https://geonames.org/5094626" }, { "@type": "Place", "geo": [ { "@type": "GeoShape", "additionalProperty": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "name": "GeoJSON", "value": { "type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [ { "type": "Feature", "properties": {}, "geometry": { "type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [ [ [ -72.0428466796875, 43.67979094030124 ], [ -71.03759765625, 43.67979094030124 ], [ -71.03759765625, 44.449467536006935 ], [ -72.0428466796875, 44.449467536006935 ], [ -72.0428466796875, 43.67979094030124 ] ] ] } } ] } } }, { "@type": "GeoCoordinates", "latitude": 44.06462923815408, "longitude": -71.54022216796875 } ] } ] }, "OpenAlex": { "abstract_inverted_index": { "EcologyVolume": [ 0 ], "92,": [ 1 ], "Issue": [ 2 ], "7": [ 3 ], "p.": [ 4, 1365 ], "1429-1435": [ 5, 4528 ], "ReportFree": [ 6 ], "Access": [ 7 ], "Inference": [ 8 ], "about": [ 9, 305, 3120, 4196 ], "density": [ 10, 293, 307, 406, 469, 497, 611, 687, 717, 1629, 1670, 1931, 2109, 2172, 2195, 2446, 2488, 2515, 2966, 3038, 3257, 3336, 3368, 3383, 3632, 3658 ], "and": [ 11, 217, 221, 233, 240, 259, 277, 315, 373, 476, 496, 546, 591, 620, 686, 718, 724, 739, 747, 766, 769, 790, 857, 1129, 1132, 1145, 1163, 1183, 1233, 1295, 1330, 1427, 1444, 1456, 1507, 1551, 1565, 1599, 1644, 1682, 1738, 1758, 1811, 1824, 1903, 1911, 1915, 1929, 2031, 2138, 2300, 2304, 2405, 2413, 2426, 2431, 2548, 2572, 2577, 2585, 2600, 2613, 2634, 2686, 2736, 2753, 2772, 2871, 2909, 2940, 2968, 2993, 3016, 3035, 3046, 3082, 3112, 3142, 3158, 3316, 3442, 3484, 3502, 3537, 3549, 3566, 3598, 3623, 3633, 3706, 3714, 3721, 3740, 3753, 3767, 3778, 3940, 3956, 4001, 4204, 4244, 4316, 4357, 4368, 4458, 4505 ], "temporary": [ 12, 313, 361, 436, 604, 607, 824, 1059, 1091, 1120, 1505, 1608, 1699, 1947, 2068, 2157, 2175, 2210, 2668, 2777, 2933, 2983, 3110, 3139, 3147, 3207, 3300, 3329, 3360, 3776, 4103 ], "emigration": [ 13, 314, 362, 437, 572, 608, 825, 1060, 1092, 1121, 1506, 1700, 2069, 2158, 2176, 2211, 2669, 2778, 2934, 3111, 3140, 3148, 3330, 3361, 4104 ], "in": [ 14, 275, 338, 398, 448, 705, 716, 884, 901, 942, 1135, 1148, 1153, 1160, 1368, 1439, 1777, 1803, 1958, 1965, 1973, 2133, 2166, 2188, 2256, 2279, 2293, 2316, 2344, 2363, 2383, 2434, 2458, 2463, 2734, 2791, 2812, 2820, 2837, 2862, 2882, 2917, 2935, 2959, 3123, 3150, 3325, 3334, 3432, 3456, 3505, 3534, 3559, 3596, 3631, 3647, 3694, 3699, 3851, 3946, 3949, 4004, 4053, 4140, 4210, 4224, 4359, 4419, 4460, 4468, 4482 ], "unmarked": [ 15, 309, 509, 903, 1591, 1969, 2868 ], "populations": [ 16, 278, 310, 816, 3434, 3495, 3601, 4141 ], "Correction(s)": [ 17 ], "for": [ 18, 56, 80, 107, 136, 160, 187, 444, 554, 735, 1381, 1494, 1713, 2025, 2113, 2377, 2597, 2648, 2712, 2982, 3014, 3060, 3109, 3399, 3517, 3584, 3729, 3770, 3806, 3832, 3912, 3972, 4246, 4251, 4330, 4388 ], "this": [ 19, 60, 84, 111, 140, 164, 191, 254, 641, 807, 1098, 1251, 1859, 1953, 2317, 2643, 3105, 3307, 3407, 3793 ], "article": [ 20, 255, 3794 ], "Errata": [ 21 ], "Volume": [ 22, 4227, 4485 ], "95Issue": [ 23 ], "3Ecology": [ 24 ], "pages:": [ 25 ], "794-794": [ 26 ], "First": [ 27, 193 ], "Published": [ 28 ], "online:": [ 29 ], "March": [ 30 ], "1,": [ 31, 910, 920, 2190 ], "2014": [ 32 ], "Richard": [ 33, 38, 113, 118 ], "B.": [ 34, 39, 114, 119, 1601, 2589, 2873, 3843, 4192, 4408, 4410, 4495, 4520 ], "Chandler,": [ 35, 115, 1602, 2874, 3705, 3923 ], "Corresponding": [ 36, 116, 4518 ], "Author": [ 37, 117 ], "Chandler": [ 40, 120, 754, 2345, 2590 ], "rchandler@usgs.gov": [ 41, 121 ], "USGS": [ 42, 67, 122, 147 ], "Patuxent": [ 43, 68, 123, 148 ], "Wildlife": [ 44, 69, 124, 149, 2322, 3854, 4289, 4424 ], "Research": [ 45, 70, 92, 125, 150, 172, 3738, 3789 ], "Center,": [ 46, 71, 126, 151 ], "12100": [ 47, 72, 127, 152 ], "Beech": [ 48, 73, 128, 153 ], "Forest": [ 49, 74, 95, 129, 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"source": [ 542 ], "error,": [ 545, 4455, 4457 ], "developed": [ 551, 2671, 3541, 3617 ], "account": [ 553, 3059 ], "(Borchers": [ 556, 945 ], "et": [ 557, 629, 633, 637, 751, 755, 759, 832, 946, 1064, 1302, 1470, 2286, 2346, 2495, 2538, 2621, 2834, 3078, 3086, 3419, 3423, 3522 ], "al.": [ 558, 630, 634, 638, 752, 756, 760, 833, 947, 1065, 1303, 1471, 2287, 2347, 2496, 2539, 2622, 2835, 3079, 3087, 3420, 3424, 3523 ], "2002).": [ 559, 1304 ], "However,": [ 560, 1652, 3215, 3455 ], "almost": [ 563 ], "universally": [ 564 ], "assume": [ 565, 764, 787, 960, 1068 ], "geographic": [ 566, 578, 767 ], "closure,": [ 567, 768 ], "i.e.,": [ 568 ], "no": [ 569, 1909, 2013, 2414, 2818, 2887 ], "immigration": [ 570 ], "period.": [ 576, 3380 ], "closure": [ 579, 3090 ], "assumption": [ 580, 1206, 3097, 3106 ], "frequently": [ 582 ], "violated": [ 583 ], "surveying": [ 585 ], "enter": [ 590 ], "leave": [ 592 ], "plots": [ 594, 799, 936, 1172, 1659, 1868, 2038 ], "course": [ 597 ], "process": [ 601, 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[ 671, 1638, 3340 ], "area": [ 672, 675, 1640, 1650, 2340, 2788, 3342, 3414 ], "surveyed": [ 673, 2290, 2394, 2521 ], "(the": [ 674 ], "resides)": [ 682 ], "thus": [ 684, 770, 3113, 3317 ], "unknown,": [ 685 ], "cannot": [ 688, 1177, 3042 ], "estimated.": [ 690, 2180 ], "addition": [ 692, 3236 ], "estimating": [ 694, 736, 2718, 3656, 3973, 4331 ], "density,": [ 695, 845, 2949 ], "concerned": [ 700 ], "modeling": [ 702, 3585, 3611, 4356 ], "spatial": [ 703, 3121, 3629, 3697, 4389 ], "variation": [ 704, 715, 1134, 1159, 2733, 3122, 3567, 3630, 3698 ], "density.": [ 706, 2956, 3124, 3614, 3700 ], "Among": [ 707 ], "earliest": [ 709 ], "permitting": [ 711 ], "simultaneous": [ 712 ], "treatment": [ 713 ], "were": [ 721, 1883, 1963, 2076, 2111, 2361, 2456, 2561, 2860, 3394 ], "multinomial": [ 723, 1280, 1288, 1354, 1426, 1437, 1475, 2674, 2697, 2952, 2996, 3352 ], "binomial": [ 725, 983, 1113, 1282, 1428, 1496, 1843, 1991, 2688, 2943, 2987, 3304, 3527, 4172 ], "N-mixture": [ 726, 812, 1429, 2675, 2689, 2698, 2944, 2953, 2979, 2988, 2997, 3305, 3353, 3528, 3544, 4328 ], "(Royle": [ 728, 1467, 3622 ], "2004a,": [ 729, 1468 ], "b),": [ 730 ], "proven": [ 733 ], "useful": [ 734 ], "habitat-specific": [ 737 ], "evaluating": [ 740 ], "species'": [ 741 ], "responses": [ 742 ], "management": [ 744, 2277, 3935, 4506 ], "practices": [ 745, 2278 ], "(Dodd": [ 746 ], "Dorazio": [ 748, 1469, 1552 ], "2004,": [ 749, 2306, 3080 ], "K\u00e9ry": [ 750, 3521 ], "2005,": [ 753 ], "Schlossberg": [ 758 ], "These": [ 762, 3052, 3553 ], "demographic": [ 765, 3503, 4222, 4480 ], "typically": [ 772 ], "short": [ 778 ], "periods": [ 780 ], "safe": [ 785 ], "mortality": [ 789 ], "recruitment": [ 791, 3548 ], "do": [ 792 ], "not": [ 793, 802, 1412, 1633, 1666, 1774, 2105, 3048, 3180, 3310, 3319, 3363, 3397, 3511, 3668, 3804 ], "occur.": [ 794 ], "For": [ 795, 926, 1366, 1435, 1473, 1519, 1918, 2482, 2739, 2762, 2775, 3302, 3350, 3464 ], "organisms,": [ 797 ], "however,": [ 798, 949, 1151, 3068 ], "will": [ 801, 1075, 1095, 1155, 1615, 3690 ], "geographically": [ 804, 3602 ], "closed.": [ 805 ], "paper": [ 808 ], "we": [ 809, 928, 959, 1067, 1269, 1513, 1582, 1692, 1816, 1835, 1925, 2289, 2352, 2385, 2485, 2746, 2765, 2780, 2805, 2814, 2839, 3241, 3685 ], "extend": [ 810 ], "open": [ 815, 3437, 3498, 3543, 3980 ], "where": [ 817, 1109, 1348, 1485 ], "temporal": [ 818, 3532 ], "dynamics": [ 819 ], "governed": [ 821 ], "Kendall": [ 831, 1063 ], "(1997).": [ 834 ], "size,": [ 843 ], "individual": [ 850, 1380, 1881, 3449, 3480, 3639 ], "period,": [ 856 ], "probability.": [ 859, 1093 ], "then": [ 861 ], "assess": [ 862, 1784 ], "performance": [ 864, 1786 ], "fitting": [ 869, 2244 ], "simulated": [ 872, 1693, 1817, 1922, 2063, 2232 ], "Model": [ 891, 2877 ], "Development": [ 892, 1593, 4237 ], "State": [ 893 ], "consider": [ 896 ], "design": [ 900, 1371 ], "counted": [ 906 ], "at": [ 907, 1025, 1222, 2000, 3568, 3797 ], "i": [ 908, 1027, 1224 ], "=": [ 909, 919, 1390, 1405, 1487, 1719, 1725, 1730, 1736, 1740, 1748, 1754, 1756, 1760, 1762, 1854, 1863, 1938, 2016, 2029, 2035, 2040 ], "2,": [ 911, 921, 2097 ], "\u2026": [ 912, 922 ], ",": [ 913, 923 ], "sample": [ 915, 931, 951, 2145 ], "units": [ 916, 932, 952 ], "t": [ 918, 1227 ], "T": [ 924, 1441, 1525, 1724, 1862 ], "occasions.": [ 925 ], "clarity,": [ 927 ], "suppose": [ 929 ], "circular,": [ 934 ], "fixed-radius": [ 935 ], "commonly": [ 940, 3095 ], "plot-based": [ 943 ], "2002);": [ 948 ], "considered.": [ 955 ], "At": [ 956 ], "plot,": [ 958 ], "(Mi)": [ 965 ], "regarded": [ 968, 1277 ], "outcome": [ 971 ], "discrete": [ 974 ], "distribution": [ 976, 996, 2851 ], "Poisson": [ 980, 1329 ], "negative": [ 982 ], "mean": [ 985 ], "\u03bb,": [ 986, 1563 ], "may": [ 988, 1773, 3460, 3496, 3642 ], "function": [ 991, 1142, 1360, 1572, 1585, 2785 ], "plot-specific": [ 993 ], "covariates.": [ 994, 1574, 2761, 3188, 3578 ], "This": [ 995, 1175, 1895, 2122 ], "first": [ 999, 1383 ], "level": [ 1000, 1035, 1099, 3570 ], "denoted": [ 1005 ], "f(Mi": [ 1006, 1325 ], "|": [ 1007, 1106, 1255, 1326, 1332 ], "\u03bb).": [ 1008 ], "again": [ 1010, 1555 ], "note": [ 1011 ], "Mi": [ 1013, 1727 ], "total": [ 1016, 2525 ], "possibly": [ 1022 ], "detected": [ 1024, 2453, 3044 ], "duration": [ 1030 ], "sampling.": [ 1032 ], "second": [ 1034 ], "state": [ 1038, 1102, 1822, 1980, 2070 ], "describes": [ 1040 ], "subset": [ 1042 ], "within": [ 1047, 1078, 1847 ], "particular": [ 1052 ], "occasion,": [ 1053, 1665, 1879 ], "Nit.": [ 1054 ], "Following": [ 1055 ], "(1997),": [ 1066 ], "member": [ 1071 ], "\u03d5;": [ 1084 ], "thus,": [ 1085, 3684 ], "1": [ 1086, 1443, 1527 ], "\u2212": [ 1087, 1393, 1396, 1407 ], "\u03d5": [ 1088, 1136, 1154, 1735, 1772, 1805, 1829, 2134, 2237, 2257, 2782, 3152, 3203, 3443, 3459, 3473 ], "refer": [ 1096 ], "g(Nit": [ 1105 ], "\u03d5,": [ 1107, 1564 ], "Mi),": [ 1108 ], "g": [ 1110 ], "mass": [ 1115, 1266 ], "function.": [ 1116 ], "completely": [ 1118, 1204, 1697, 2066, 3137 ], "random": [ 1119, 1205, 1698, 2067, 3138, 3206 ], "attractive": [ 1124 ], "its": [ 1127, 2848 ], "simplicity": [ 1128 ], "statistical": [ 1130, 4247 ], "tractability": [ 1131 ], "modeled": [ 1139, 1569, 2781, 3574 ], "plot-": [ 1144 ], "survey-specific": [ 1146 ], "covariates;": [ 1147 ], "cases,": [ 1150, 1779 ], "heterogeneity": [ 1152, 1186, 2132, 2255, 4076 ], "exist": [ 1156, 3516 ], "due": [ 1157, 2135 ], "(Efford": [ 1173 ], "2004).": [ 1174 ], "information": [ 1176, 3274, 3814 ], "without": [ 1180 ], "auxiliary": [ 1181 ], "data,": [ 1182 ], "unmodeled": [ 1185 ], "obtained": [ 1190, 1309, 3268, 3277 ], "under": [ 1191, 1695, 1795, 1819, 2233, 3133, 3210, 3251 ], "model.": [ 1193, 2857, 3234 ], "therefore": [ 1195 ], "assessed": [ 1196, 2825 ], "robustness": [ 1198 ], "simulation": [ 1208, 1689, 1954, 2051, 3239 ], "(see": [ 1209, 2319 ], "study).": [ 1211 ], "Observation": [ 1212 ], "Let": [ 1214 ], "yit": [ 1215, 1274, 1744 ], "vector": [ 1218, 1352, 1476 ], "made": [ 1221, 2642 ], "occasion": [ 1226, 1314, 3358 ], "arise": [ 1229, 3297 ], "conditional": [ 1230 ], "Nit": [ 1232, 1732 ], "(p).": [ 1238 ], "One": [ 1239 ], "strengths": [ 1242 ], "flexibility": [ 1248 ], "observation": [ 1252, 1497, 1706, 2684, 3010 ], "h(yit": [ 1254, 1331 ], "p,": [ 1256, 1333 ], "Nit),": [ 1257 ], "specified": [ 1260 ], "(where": [ 1261 ], "h": [ 1262 ], "function).": [ 1267 ], "Here,": [ 1268 ], "adopt": [ 1270 ], "requirement": [ 1272 ], "outcomes.": [ 1283 ], "Examples": [ 1284 ], "protocols": [ 1286 ], "yielding": [ 1287 ], "outcomes": [ 1289, 1306 ], "include": [ 1290, 3181 ], "(for": [ 1298 ], "definitions,": [ 1299 ], "see": [ 1300 ], "Williams": [ 1301 ], "Binomial": [ 1305 ], "dividing": [ 1311 ], "into": [ 1315 ], "J": [ 1316, 1500, 4218, 4476 ], "subintervals": [ 1317 ], "independent": [ 1320, 1448 ], "made.": [ 1323 ], "Letting": [ 1324 ], "\u03bb)": [ 1327 ], "Nit)": [ 1334 ], "multinomial,": [ 1336 ], "now": [ 1340 ], "described": [ 1342, 1548, 1781 ], "three-level": [ 1345 ], "model:": [ 1347 ], "\u03c0it": [ 1349 ], "cell": [ 1355, 1401 ], "probabilities": [ 1356, 1376, 4003 ], "computed": [ 1357, 1465 ], "example,": [ 1367, 3465 ], "three": [ 1373, 1478, 1561, 2115, 2395, 2609, 2658, 2706, 2907 ], "passes,": [ 1374 ], "detecting": [ 1378, 1413, 3491 ], "time": [ 1384, 2427, 2715, 2767 ], "pass": [ 1387 ], "\u03c0": [ 1389, 1747 ], "{p,": [ 1391 ], "(1": [ 1392, 1395, 1406 ], "p)p,": [ 1394 ], "p)2p},": [ 1397 ], "fourth": [ 1400 ], "\u03c00": [ 1404 ], "p)3,": [ 1408 ], "individual.": [ 1415 ], "Integrated": [ 1416 ], "likelihood": [ 1417, 1460, 1483, 1493, 1517 ], "essentially": [ 1421 ], "generalization": [ 1423 ], "(2004a,": [ 1433 ], "b).": [ 1434 ], "case": [ 1438, 3507 ], "\u2261": [ 1442, 1501 ], "observations": [ 1445 ], "yi": [ 1446, 1462 ], "conditioned": [ 1450 ], "local": [ 1452 ], "Ni": [ 1455 ], "pit,": [ 1457 ], "integrated": [ 1459, 1482, 1516 ], "easily": [ 1466, 2568 ], "2005).": [ 1472 ], "observable": [ 1479 ], "frequencies,": [ 1480 ], "yi.": [ 1486 ], "(2004b)": [ 1489 ], "derived": [ 1490 ], "analogous": [ 1492 ], "1.": [ 1502, 1960, 2216 ], "To": [ 1503, 1575, 1783, 2799 ], "accommodate": [ 1504 ], "additional": [ 1509, 3725 ], "latent": [ 1510, 1533 ], "variable": [ 1511 ], "Mi,": [ 1512 ], "expand": [ 1514 ], "parameters": [ 1521, 1562, 3182, 3562 ], "identifiable,": [ 1524 ], ">": [ 1526, 2901 ], "necessary.": [ 1529 ], "Integrating": [ 1530 ], "out": [ 1531 ], "two": [ 1532, 1688, 2373, 2400, 3186, 3754 ], "variables": [ 1534 ], "computationally": [ 1537 ], "difficult,": [ 1538 ], "but": [ 1539, 3396, 3635 ], "fortunately": [ 1540 ], "Eq.": [ 1541, 1943 ], "2": [ 1542, 1763, 1855 ], "simplified": [ 1545 ], "(2008:164).": [ 1553 ], "emphasize": [ 1556 ], "p": [ 1566, 1739, 3485 ], "facilitate": [ 1576 ], "estimation": [ 1578, 1606, 1631, 2516, 3850, 4052, 4139 ], "via": [ 1579 ], "maximum": [ 1580 ], "likelihood,": [ 1581 ], "\u201cgmultmix\u201d": [ 1586 ], "(R": [ 1592 ], "Core": [ 1594, 4238 ], "Team": [ 1595 ], "2010,": [ 1596 ], "Fiske": [ 1598, 2870 ], "R.": [ 1600, 2588, 2872, 3924, 3991, 4017, 4124, 4351, 4407 ], "unpublished": [ 1603, 2875 ], "manuscript).": [ 1604, 2876 ], "Under": [ 1607 ], "emigration,": [ 1609, 2984, 3208, 3777 ], "some": [ 1610, 1778, 3392 ], "members": [ 1611 ], "activity": [ 1617 ], "centers": [ 1618, 1840, 1984 ], "outside": [ 1619 ], "plot;": [ 1622 ], "therefore,": [ 1623 ], "would": [ 1625, 1632, 3474, 3486, 3510 ], "appear": [ 1626 ], "though": [ 1628, 2101 ], "(D)": [ 1630 ], "possible": [ 1635 ], "(Ae)": [ 1641 ], "unknown": [ 1643 ], "larger": [ 1645, 2792, 2797 ], "actual": [ 1648, 2651, 3347 ], "(A).": [ 1651 ], "only": [ 1656, 2451, 3436 ], "assumes": [ 1657 ], "among": [ 1667, 3092 ], "occasions,": [ 1669 ], "Applications": [ 1675, 4176 ], "study": [ 1677, 1955, 2046, 2339, 2646, 2729, 3430 ], "investigated": [ 1679 ], "precision": [ 1683, 2939 ], "studies.": [ 1690, 4055 ], "First,": [ 1691 ], "process.": [ 1707, 2264 ], "following": [ 1711 ], "specifications": [ 1712 ], "5000": [ 1716, 1921, 2219 ], "simulations,": [ 1717 ], "100": [ 1720, 1867 ], "50-m": [ 1721, 2355 ], "radius": [ 1722, 2356 ], "plots,": [ 1723 ], "3,": [ 1726 ], "\u223c": [ 1728, 1733, 1745 ], "Poisson(\u03bb": [ 1729 ], "3.14),": [ 1731 ], "Binomial(Mi,": [ 1734 ], "0.5),": [ 1737 ], "0.3": [ 1741 ], "Multinomial(Nit,": [ 1746 ], "{0.3,": [ 1749 ], "0.21,": [ 1750 ], "0.147}).": [ 1751 ], "Therefore,": [ 1752 ], "E[Nit]": [ 1753 ], "\u03bb\u03d5": [ 1755 ], "1.57": [ 1757 ], "E[D]": [ 1759 ], "(E[Nit])/Ae": [ 1761 ], "individuals/ha.": [ 1764, 1856 ], "Assuming": [ 1765 ], "all": [ 1767, 2114 ], "same": [ 1771 ], "justified": [ 1776 ], "previously.": [ 1782 ], "generated": [ 1794, 2249 ], "biologically": [ 1798 ], "justified,": [ 1799 ], "spatially": [ 1800, 2085, 3145, 3212, 3232, 3618, 4035, 4335 ], "explicit": [ 1801, 3146, 3213, 3233, 3619 ], "scenario": [ 1802 ], "affected": [ 1807, 3366 ], "ranges,": [ 1815 ], 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