Item talk:Q246262

From geokb

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   "@type": "Article",
   "additionalType": "Journal Article",
   "name": "The role of local populations within a landscape context: Defining and classifying sources and sinks",
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       "value": "10.1086/503531",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1086/503531"
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     "@type": "Periodical",
     "name": "American Naturalist",
     "volumeNumber": "167",
     "issueNumber": "6"
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   "datePublished": "2006",
   "dateModified": "2016-10-27",
   "abstract": "The interaction of local populations has been the focus of an increasing number of studies in the past 30 years. The study of source-sink dynamics has especially generated much interest.  Many of the criteria used to distinguish sources and sinks incorporate the process of apparent survival (i.e., the combined probability of true survival and site fidelity) but not emigration.  These criteria implicitly treat emigration as mortality, thus biasing the classification of sources and sinks in a manner that could lead to flawed habitat management.  Some of the same criteria require rather restrictive assumptions about population equilibrium that, when violated, can also generate misleading inference.  Here, we expand on a criterion (denoted ?contribution? or Cr) that incorporates successful emigration in differentiating sources and sinks and that makes no restrictive assumptions about dispersal or equilibrium processes in populations of interest.  The metric Cr is rooted in the theory of matrix population models, yet it also contains clearly specified parameters that have been estimated in previous empirical research.  We suggest that estimates of emigration are important for delineating sources and sinks and, more generally, for evaluating how local populations interact to generate overall system dynamics.  This suggestion has direct implications for issues such as species conservation and habitat management.",
   "description": "14 p.",
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       "name": "Nichols, J. D.",
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       119
     ],
     "generated": [
       120,
       2181
     ],
     "much": [
       121,
       4101
     ],
     "interest.": [
       122,
       230
     ],
     "Many": [
       123
     ],
     "criteria": [
       126,
       153,
       181,
       882,
       1438,
       1471
     ],
     "used": [
       127,
       751,
       883,
       911,
       2083,
       2372,
       2493,
       2900,
       3189,
       3331,
       3361,
       3372,
       3412,
       3436,
       3546,
       3555,
       3911,
       3981,
       4046,
       4283,
       4303
     ],
     "distinguish": [
       129,
       3340,
       3366
     ],
     "sources": [
       130,
       164,
       213,
       268,
       396,
       427,
       597,
       659,
       886,
       915,
       941,
       963,
       1158,
       1306,
       1415,
       1441,
       1493,
       1653,
       2086,
       2342,
       2496,
       2540,
       3192,
       3341,
       3367,
       3415,
       3452,
       3471,
       3521,
       3567,
       3652,
       3760,
       4019,
       4033,
       4058,
       4070,
       4130,
       4164,
       4172,
       4239,
       4295,
       4310
     ],
     "sinks": [
       132,
       166,
       215,
       270,
       398,
       429,
       599,
       663,
       797,
       965,
       1160,
       1308,
       1417,
       1443,
       1495,
       1541,
       1655,
       2088,
       2309,
       2344,
       2542,
       3343,
       3454,
       3477,
       3525,
       3654,
       3738,
       4035,
       4072,
       4132,
       4166,
       4169,
       4241,
       4312
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     "incorporate": [
       133,
       1566,
       1584,
       2972
     ],
     "process": [
       135,
       3585
     ],
     "apparent": [
       137,
       730,
       748,
       1791,
       1831,
       2212
     ],
     "survival": [
       138,
       145,
       749,
       1189,
       1254,
       1289,
       1327,
       1659,
       1792,
       1832,
       1952,
       2045,
       3083,
       3557,
       3610,
       3619,
       3714,
       3728,
       3735,
       3799
     ],
     "(i.e.,": [
       139,
       1309,
       2144,
       2532,
       2948,
       4088
     ],
     "combined": [
       141
     ],
     "probability": [
       142,
       733,
       1697,
       1749,
       2046
     ],
     "true": [
       144,
       478,
       1366,
       3541,
       3844
     ],
     "site": [
       147,
       2818,
       2988,
       3004,
       3021
     ],
     "fidelity)": [
       148
     ],
     "but": [
       149,
       635,
       1396,
       2111,
       2160,
       2186,
       2600,
       3427,
       3645
     ],
     "not": [
       150,
       420,
       636,
       1355,
       1449,
       1560,
       1565,
       2163,
       2268,
       2594,
       3346,
       3420,
       3647,
       3770,
       3842,
       4028
     ],
     "emigration.": [
       151,
       973,
       1359,
       2116
     ],
     "These": [
       152,
       1556
     ],
     "implicitly": [
       154
     ],
     "treat": [
       155
     ],
     "emigration": [
       156,
       210,
       263,
       359,
       899,
       1167,
       1211,
       1454,
       1469,
       1485,
       1661,
       1954,
       2305,
       2324,
       2534,
       3917,
       3963
     ],
     "as": [
       157,
       293,
       596,
       796,
       802,
       846,
       1054,
       1090,
       1100,
       1310,
       1390,
       1486,
       1515,
       1624,
       1682,
       1695,
       1763,
       1895,
       2053,
       2068,
       2121,
       2576,
       2913,
       3351,
       3547,
       3694,
       3912,
       4305
     ],
     "mortality,": [
       158,
       1361
     ],
     "thus": [
       159,
       827,
       1245,
       1598
     ],
     "biasing": [
       160
     ],
     "classification": [
       162,
       341,
       588,
       1248,
       1257,
       3532,
       3542
     ],
     "manner": [
       169
     ],
     "that": [
       170,
       207,
       217,
       250,
       260,
       463,
       567,
       759,
       789,
       815,
       832,
       852,
       862,
       897,
       1070,
       1107,
       1118,
       1288,
       1318,
       1529,
       1570,
       1631,
       1656,
       1698,
       1750,
       1781,
       1805,
       1877,
       1898,
       2034,
       2242,
       2251,
       2259,
       2286,
       2348,
       2361,
       2403,
       2444,
       2484,
       2525,
       2562,
       2645,
       2657,
       2724,
       2733,
       2878,
       3121,
       3150,
       3334,
       3432,
       3438,
       3466,
       3580,
       3670,
       3730,
       3829,
       3840,
       3869,
       3892,
       3976,
       4065,
       4213
     ],
     "could": [
       171,
       1384,
       2278,
       2552,
       3537,
       3903,
       3929,
       4280
     ],
     "lead": [
       172
     ],
     "flawed": [
       174
     ],
     "habitat": [
       175,
       297,
       644,
       754,
       786,
       1231,
       1429,
       2374,
       3624,
       3836
     ],
     "management.": [
       176
     ],
     "Some": [
       177
     ],
     "same": [
       180,
       2044
     ],
     "require": [
       182
     ],
     "rather": [
       183,
       1626,
       2411,
       2601,
       3918
     ],
     "restrictive": [
       184,
       220
     ],
     "assumptions": [
       185,
       221
     ],
     "about": [
       186,
       222,
       2222,
       3503,
       4009
     ],
     "population": [
       187,
       241,
       337,
       367,
       434,
       449,
       609,
       835,
       840,
       980,
       1145,
       1320,
       1388,
       1518,
       1569,
       1638,
       1687,
       1785,
       1813,
       1847,
       1861,
       1869,
       1886,
       2127,
       2136,
       2171,
       2194,
       2245,
       2253,
       2334,
       2360,
       2418,
       2507,
       2519,
       2545,
       2565,
       2609,
       2856,
       2912,
       3104,
       3124,
       3149,
       3179,
       3487,
       3588,
       3662,
       3776,
       3807,
       3871,
       3902,
       3928,
       3989,
       4141,
       4180
     ],
     "equilibrium": [
       188,
       225,
       1035,
       1066,
       1115,
       1341,
       4087
     ],
     "that,": [
       189,
       1131,
       1444
     ],
     "when": [
       190,
       437,
       639,
       770,
       1036,
       1058,
       1068,
       1072,
       2310,
       2459,
       2760,
       3277
     ],
     "violated,": [
       191
     ],
     "can": [
       192,
       924,
       1363,
       1774,
       1838,
       1891,
       1935,
       2065,
       2491,
       2679,
       2773,
       2788,
       2898,
       3395,
       3522,
       3701,
       3803,
       3979,
       4016
     ],
     "also": [
       193,
       245,
       1761
     ],
     "generate": [
       194,
       281,
       4271
     ],
     "misleading": [
       195,
       3703
     ],
     "inference.": [
       196
     ],
     "Here,": [
       197
     ],
     "we": [
       198,
       784,
       844,
       874,
       890,
       907,
       1383,
       1411,
       1679,
       1921,
       1934,
       2240,
       2460,
       2468,
       2638,
       2710,
       2927,
       3195,
       3242,
       3312
     ],
     "expand": [
       199,
       891
     ],
     "on": [
       200,
       349,
       374,
       624,
       892,
       1250,
       2211,
       2234,
       3208,
       3317,
       3325,
       3430,
       3463,
       3726,
       3860,
       3950
     ],
     "criterion": [
       202,
       814,
       896,
       1312,
       1650,
       2064,
       2397,
       3349,
       3550,
       4307
     ],
     "(denoted": [
       203,
       2052
     ],
     "\"contribution\"": [
       204
     ],
     "or": [
       205,
       224,
       577,
       594,
       598,
       855,
       858,
       987,
       1088,
       1152,
       1481,
       2351,
       2535,
       2935,
       2954,
       2961,
       3008,
       3344,
       3353,
       3379,
       3437,
       3492,
       3558,
       3713,
       3717,
       3820,
       3896,
       4020,
       4091,
       4160,
       4170,
       4350
     ],
     "$$C^{r}$$)": [
       206
     ],
     "incorporates": [
       208,
       817,
       898
     ],
     "successful": [
       209
     ],
     "differentiating": [
       212,
       1440,
       3191,
       4032,
       4309
     ],
     "makes": [
       218,
       836,
       2831
     ],
     "no": [
       219,
       1142,
       1399
     ],
     "dispersal": [
       223,
       438,
       583,
       1426,
       1547,
       1587,
       2449,
       2661,
       2666,
       3527,
       4066,
       4185,
       4212,
       4275
     ],
     "processes": [
       226,
       2662,
       3488,
       3800
     ],
     "metric": [
       232,
       1181,
       1961,
       2081,
       2120,
       2151,
       2156,
       2619,
       4148
     ],
     "$$C^{r}$$": [
       233,
       1962,
       1981,
       2177,
       2197,
       2346,
       2391,
       2423,
       2466,
       2620,
       2833,
       2890,
       2897,
       2919,
       2967,
       3024,
       3064,
       3157,
       3354,
       3378
     ],
     "is": [
       234,
       430,
       477,
       664,
       684,
       1032,
       1045,
       1052,
       1060,
       1148,
       1218,
       1262,
       1290,
       1321,
       1329,
       1343,
       1617,
       1711,
       1747,
       1760,
       1814,
       1884,
       1963,
       2012,
       2030,
       2106,
       2153,
       2209,
       2262,
       2267,
       2317,
       2362,
       2369,
       2508,
       2520,
       2584,
       2593,
       2693,
       2820,
       2834,
       3152,
       3386,
       3545,
       3579,
       3582,
       3615,
       3620,
       3711,
       3719,
       3750,
       3785,
       3828,
       3841,
       3868,
       3910,
       4079,
       4085,
       4100,
       4110
     ],
     "rooted": [
       235
     ],
     "theory": [
       238,
       418,
       697,
       810
     ],
     "matrix": [
       240,
       1428,
       2806
     ],
     "models,": [
       242
     ],
     "yet": [
       243,
       2282
     ],
     "it": [
       244,
       1271,
       1616,
       1621,
       1673,
       1945,
       2007,
       2027,
       2161,
       2219,
       2261,
       2399,
       2583,
       3581,
       3656,
       3877
     ],
     "contains": [
       246
     ],
     "clearly": [
       247
     ],
     "specified": [
       248
     ],
     "parameters": [
       249,
       821,
       4226,
       4349
     ],
     "have": [
       251,
       323,
       371,
       383,
       406,
       419,
       612,
       1436,
       1467,
       2279,
       2646,
       2989,
       3930,
       4302,
       4327
     ],
     "estimated": [
       253
     ],
     "previous": [
       255,
       3631
     ],
     "empirical": [
       256,
       381,
       393,
       616,
       711,
       905,
       1325,
       3187,
       3310,
       3531,
       4324
     ],
     "research.": [
       257,
       626
     ],
     "We": [
       258,
       1773,
       1837,
       2117,
       2523,
       3248,
       3283,
       3418
     ],
     "suggest": [
       259,
       918,
       3032,
       3047,
       3120
     ],
     "estimates": [
       261,
       744,
       4183,
       4210,
       4273,
       4285
     ],
     "are": [
       264,
       658,
       662,
       750,
       765,
       800,
       1186,
       1559,
       2312,
       2424,
       2435,
       2658,
       2727,
       2763,
       3336,
       3433,
       4214
     ],
     "important": [
       265,
       614,
       685,
       1432,
       3169
     ],
     "for": [
       266,
       274,
       290,
       385,
       392,
       425,
       575,
       935,
       1005,
       1092,
       1102,
       1191,
       1439,
       1453,
       1533,
       1651,
       1874,
       1903,
       2115,
       2125,
       2157,
       2373,
       2407,
       2415,
       2999,
       3038,
       3143,
       3190,
       3275,
       3551,
       3705,
       3787,
       3801,
       3936,
       4031,
       4308,
       4347
     ],
     "delineating": [
       267
     ],
     "and,": [
       271,
       2759
     ],
     "more": [
       272,
       460,
       856,
       1119,
       2004,
       2022,
       2395,
       2943,
       3233,
       3961,
       4161
     ],
     "generally,": [
       273,
       667,
       2458
     ],
     "evaluating": [
       275,
       3788
     ],
     "how": [
       276,
       783,
       919
     ],
     "interact": [
       279
     ],
     "overall": [
       282,
       2590,
       2822
     ],
     "system": [
       283,
       848,
       990,
       1031,
       1908,
       2410,
       3679,
       4084,
       4267
     ],
     "dynamics.": [
       284
     ],
     "This": [
       285,
       777,
       2592,
       2883,
       3595,
       3748,
       4077
     ],
     "suggestion": [
       286,
       2483
     ],
     "direct": [
       288
     ],
     "implications": [
       289
     ],
     "issues": [
       291
     ],
     "such": [
       292,
       343,
       653,
       3350
     ],
     "species": [
       294,
       300,
       1876,
       2939
     ],
     "conservation": [
       295
     ],
     "management.Virtually": [
       298
     ],
     "all": [
       299,
       757,
       1015,
       1025,
       1591,
       1904,
       2041,
       2202,
       3392,
       3422,
       3893,
       4262
     ],
     "occur": [
       301,
       3138
     ],
     "multiple": [
       303,
       308
     ],
     "locations,": [
       304,
       859
     ],
     "which": [
       305,
       656,
       661,
       843,
       1093,
       1103,
       1397,
       1759,
       2129,
       2214,
       3295,
       3485,
       3626,
       3756,
       4107,
       4118,
       4145,
       4279
     ],
     "results": [
       306
     ],
     "forming": [
       311
     ],
     "larger": [
       312,
       336,
       608,
       839,
       2229
     ],
     "at": [
       314,
       440,
       1114,
       1322,
       1482,
       1689,
       1871,
       1899,
       1986,
       1994,
       2356,
       2544,
       2706,
       4003,
       4086
     ],
     "landscape": [
       316
     ],
     "level.": [
       317
     ],
     "Correspondingly,": [
       318,
       2289
     ],
     "ecologists": [
       319
     ],
     "resource": [
       321,
       620
     ],
     "managers": [
       322,
       621,
       629
     ],
     "realized": [
       324
     ],
     "importance": [
       326,
       2905
     ],
     "understanding": [
       328
     ],
     "roles": [
       330,
       344
     ],
     "play": [
       333
     ],
     "context.": [
       338
     ],
     "One": [
       339,
       3863
     ],
     "conceptual": [
       340,
       1490
     ],
     "distinguishes": [
       345
     ],
     "\"sources\"": [
       346
     ],
     "\"sinks\"": [
       348
     ],
     "basis": [
       351
     ],
     "patterns": [
       353
     ],
     "birth,": [
       355,
       969,
       1163
     ],
     "death,": [
       356,
       971,
       1165,
       3490
     ],
     "immigration,": [
       357,
       970,
       1164,
       3491,
       4050
     ],
     "(Holt": [
       360,
       469,
       513
     ],
     "1984;": [
       361,
       470,
       519,
       1459,
       2093,
       4317
     ],
     "Pulliam": [
       362,
       402,
       524,
       877,
       959,
       974,
       1082,
       1104,
       1169,
       1225,
       3848
     ],
     "1988).": [
       363,
       525,
       3529
     ],
     "Theoretical": [
       364
     ],
     "discussions": [
       365
     ],
     "evolutionary": [
       369
     ],
     "ecology": [
       370
     ],
     "increasingly": [
       372,
       688
     ],
     "focused": [
       373,
       3324
     ],
     "dynamics;": [
       376
     ],
     "consequently,": [
       377
     ],
     "numbers": [
       379,
       1001
     ],
     "tested": [
       384
     ],
     "nature.": [
       389
     ],
     "Despite": [
       390
     ],
     "searches": [
       391
     ],
     "evidence": [
       394,
       3834
     ],
     "(e.g.,": [
       399,
       1138,
       1455,
       1472,
       1496,
       1768,
       2089,
       2450,
       3084,
       3478,
       3590,
       3739,
       3880,
       4173,
       4313
     ],
     "Dias": [
       400,
       4174
     ],
     "1996;": [
       401
     ],
     "1996),": [
       403
     ],
     "definitive": [
       404
     ],
     "examples": [
       405
     ],
     "elusive": [
       408
     ],
     "(Diffendorfer": [
       409
     ],
     "1998),": [
       410,
       2454
     ],
     "perhaps": [
       411,
       4061
     ],
     "because": [
       412,
       798,
       1404,
       1620,
       2398,
       2582,
       3256,
       3319,
       3655,
       3752,
       3778,
       4012
     ],
     "estimation": [
       414,
       669,
       727,
       920
     ],
     "methods": [
       415,
       910,
       3426,
       4207
     ],
     "integrated.The": [
       422
     ],
     "general": [
       423,
       1120,
       2886
     ],
     "intuition": [
       424
     ],
     "defining": [
       426,
       1157,
       1505,
       3698
     ],
     "widely": [
       431
     ],
     "appealing:": [
       432
     ],
     "arise": [
       436
     ],
     "connects": [
       439
     ],
     "least": [
       441,
       1483,
       2357
     ],
     "two": [
       442,
       854,
       1557,
       2930
     ],
     "populations,": [
       443
     ],
     "individuals": [
       445,
       792,
       851,
       1400,
       1573,
       1982,
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       4041,
       4074,
       4175,
       4228,
       4232,
       4251
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     "al.": [
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       1479,
       2079,
       2100,
       2104,
       2453,
       3087,
       3517,
       3593,
       3688,
       3742,
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       3811,
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       4233,
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       2495,
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       1075,
       2704,
       2859,
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       2984,
       3020
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       1132,
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       1337,
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       1882,
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       2707,
       2876,
       2946
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       1234,
       1241,
       1331,
       1550,
       1586,
       2035,
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       2499,
       2511,
       2955,
       3070,
       3139,
       3543,
       3876,
       3908,
       3916,
       4082,
       4093
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       1360,
       3634
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       3145
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       1625,
       2180,
       2190,
       2200,
       2406,
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       1130,
       1705,
       1715,
       1728,
       1732,
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       1916,
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       1992,
       2002,
       2020,
       2040,
       2705,
       2717
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       1815
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       3827
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       1099
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       2725,
       3244,
       3425,
       3830,
       4338
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       1588,
       3271
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       1153,
       2179,
       2189,
       2199,
       2248,
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       2413,
       2533,
       2536,
       2555,
       2560,
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       3033,
       3048,
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       3857,
       3866,
       4133,
       4352
     ],
     "model,": [
       1168,
       1270
     ],
     "shifted": [
       1170
     ],
     "habitat\u2010specific": [
       1173,
       1188,
       1220
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       1174
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     "classified": [
       1176,
       1389,
       2575
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     "according": [
       1178
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       1183
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       1185
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       1190,
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       1192,
       1664,
       1794,
       3718
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     "young": [
       1194
     ],
     "($$\\mathrm{A}\\,=\\mathrm{adult}\\,$$,": [
       1195
     ],
     "$$\\mathrm{J}\\,=\\mathrm{juvenile}\\,$$)": [
       1196
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       1199
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       1670,
       1709,
       1720,
       1808,
       2952,
       3632,
       3643,
       3673
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       1203,
       1710,
       1721,
       3614
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     "until": [
       1207
     ],
     "just": [
       1208
     ],
     "before": [
       1209,
       3939
     ],
     "prebreeding": [
       1210,
       1293
     ],
     "next": [
       1214,
       1719,
       2875
     ],
     "year,": [
       1215
     ],
     "\u03b2": [
       1217
     ],
     "per": [
       1221,
       1799,
       1825,
       1853,
       1965,
       1989,
       2628,
       2664,
       2713,
       2836,
       2864,
       3665
     ],
     "capita": [
       1222,
       1800,
       1854,
       1966,
       2629,
       2665,
       2714,
       2837,
       2865,
       3666
     ],
     "reproductive": [
       1223,
       2924
     ],
     "rate.": [
       1224,
       2882
     ],
     "(1988,": [
       1226,
       2480
     ],
     "p.": [
       1227,
       1510,
       2481
     ],
     "655)": [
       1228
     ],
     "$$\\lambda": [
       1235,
       1242,
       1901,
       2427,
       2441,
       2455,
       2463,
       2472,
       2570,
       2736,
       2784,
       3821,
       4089,
       4108
     ],
     ">": [
       1236
     ],
     "1$$": [
       1237,
       2281,
       2572
     ],
     "<": [
       1243
     ],
     "1$$,": [
       1244,
       1999,
       2017,
       2239,
       2504,
       2516
     ],
     "basing": [
       1246,
       3460
     ],
     "solely": [
       1249,
       1520,
       3316,
       3725
     ],
     "within\u2010habitat": [
       1251
     ],
     "birth": [
       1252,
       2963,
       3575
     ],
     "rates.Although": [
       1255
     ],
     "\u03bb": [
       1261,
       1286,
       1303
     ],
     "certainly": [
       1263,
       2553,
       3754
     ],
     "sensible": [
       1264
     ],
     "context": [
       1267,
       1420
     ],
     "Pulliam's": [
       1269,
       1283,
       1349,
       1446,
       2479
     ],
     "led": [
       1273
     ],
     "confusion": [
       1276
     ],
     "real\u2010world": [
       1278
     ],
     "applications": [
       1279
     ],
     "theory.": [
       1282
     ],
     "definition": [
       1284,
       1350,
       1491,
       2753
     ],
     "assumes": [
       1287,
       1317
     ],
     "measured": [
       1291,
       1333
     ],
     "predispersal": [
       1295
     ],
     "events": [
       1296
     ],
     "(not": [
       1297
     ],
     "annually),": [
       1298
     ],
     "equivalent": [
       1313
     ],
     "eq.": [
       1315
     ],
     "[1])": [
       1316
     ],
     "equilibrium.": [
       1323,
       2546
     ],
     "studies,": [
       1326
     ],
     "rarely,": [
       1330
     ],
     "ever,": [
       1332
     ],
     "appropriate": [
       1336,
       4030
     ],
     "span,": [
       1338
     ],
     "assumption": [
       1342,
       1536,
       2607,
       3465,
       3749,
       3839
     ],
     "unlikely": [
       1344
     ],
     "met.": [
       1347
     ],
     "Additionally,": [
       1348
     ],
     "P's": [
       1353
     ],
     "does": [
       1354,
       1564,
       1583,
       2162,
       3646,
       3769
     ],
     "during": [
       1358,
       1408,
       1676,
       3611
     ],
     "however,": [
       1362
     ],
     "influence": [
       1364
     ],
     "contribution": [
       1367,
       1635,
       1913,
       1967,
       2715,
       2838,
       2866,
       2992,
       2997,
       3017
     ],
     "dispersers": [
       1369
     ],
     "focal": [
       1372,
       1727,
       1740,
       1915,
       1973,
       2001,
       2019,
       2039,
       2184,
       2193,
       2224,
       2244,
       2417,
       3927
     ],
     "growth": [
       1376,
       1887,
       2630,
       2824,
       2881
     ],
     "metapopulation.": [
       1379,
       2828
     ],
     "extreme,": [
       1382
     ],
     "imagine": [
       1385
     ],
     "equation": [
       1394,
       1941,
       2109,
       2720,
       2781,
       2797
     ],
     "(3)": [
       1395
     ],
     "contributed": [
       1398
     ],
     "100%": [
       1406
     ],
     "dispersal.": [
       1409
     ],
     "consider": [
       1414,
       1911
     ],
     "landscape,": [
       1424
     ],
     "through": [
       1427,
       2140,
       3526
     ],
     "becomes": [
       1430,
       3878
     ],
     "process.Several": [
       1433
     ],
     "theoretical": [
       1434,
       1465,
       2623,
       3972,
       4300
     ],
     "works": [
       1435,
       1466
     ],
     "presented": [
       1437
     ],
     "like": [
       1445
     ],
     "\u03bb,": [
       1447
     ],
     "do": [
       1448,
       3419
     ],
     "Davis": [
       1460,
       2094,
       4318
     ],
     "Howe": [
       1462,
       2096,
       4320
     ],
     "1992).": [
       1463
     ],
     "Other": [
       1464
     ],
     "included": [
       1468,
       3243
     ],
     "Doncaster": [
       1477
     ],
     "1997)": [
       1480,
       4257
     ],
     "part": [
       1487
     ],
     "Diffendorfer": [
       1497,
       1524
     ],
     "1998).": [
       1498
     ],
     "Perhaps": [
       1499,
       4244
     ],
     "key": [
       1501
     ],
     "issue": [
       1502
     ],
     "lies": [
       1503
     ],
     "sink.": [
       1507,
       2032,
       2522,
       3108,
       3154
     ],
     "Holt": [
       1508
     ],
     "(1984,": [
       1509
     ],
     "390)": [
       1511
     ],
     "\"maintained": [
       1519
     ],
     "immigration.\"": [
       1522
     ],
     "However,": [
       1523,
       3109,
       3481,
       3915,
       4178
     ],
     "(1998,": [
       1525
     ],
     "pp.": [
       1526
     ],
     "419\u2013420)": [
       1527
     ],
     "stated": [
       1528
     ],
     "\"the": [
       1530
     ],
     "best": [
       1531,
       3112
     ],
     "method": [
       1532
     ],
     "testing": [
       1534
     ],
     "concerning": [
       1537
     ],
     "existence": [
       1539,
       3301
     ],
     "\u2026": [
       1542,
       1544,
       1552
     ],
     "[is]": [
       1543
     ],
     "experimentally": [
       1545
     ],
     "eliminating": [
       1546
     ],
     "determining": [
       1549
     ],
     "decline": [
       1553
     ],
     "extinction.\"": [
       1555
     ],
     "approaches": [
       1558
     ],
     "equivalent.": [
       1561
     ],
     "emigration;": [
       1567,
       1585,
       1932
     ],
     "exports": [
       1571
     ],
     "still": [
       1575,
       3232,
       3272
     ],
     "supported": [
       1577,
       4080
     ],
     "immigration.": [
       1579
     ],
     "second": [
       1581,
       1609
     ],
     "approach": [
       1582,
       1610,
       1630,
       3596,
       3636
     ],
     "eliminated,": [
       1589
     ],
     "potential": [
       1592,
       3129
     ],
     "stay": [
       1595,
       3676
     ],
     "contribute": [
       1599,
       2336
     ],
     "persistence": [
       1602
     ],
     "Although": [
       1607,
       4202
     ],
     "confounds": [
       1611,
       2215
     ],
     "emigrant": [
       1612
     ],
     "resident": [
       1614
     ],
     "conceptually": [
       1618
     ],
     "preferable": [
       1619
     ],
     "tallies": [
       1622
     ],
     "losses,": [
       1628
     ],
     "better": [
       1632
     ],
     "offers": [
       1639
     ],
     "metapopulation.The": [
       1642
     ],
     "Contribution": [
       1643
     ],
     "PopulationWe": [
       1647
     ],
     "propose": [
       1648
     ],
     "distinguishing": [
       1652
     ],
     "includes": [
       1657,
       1674
     ],
     "both": [
       1658,
       1820,
       1951,
       2761,
       3160,
       3268,
       4179
     ],
     "rates": [
       1662,
       2306,
       2647
     ],
     "juveniles": [
       1666,
       1767,
       1824,
       1834,
       3669,
       3716,
       3802
     ],
     "cycle": [
       1671
     ],
     "(thus": [
       1672
     ],
     "emigration).": [
       1677
     ],
     "First,": [
       1678,
       2982
     ],
     "$$N^{r}_{t}$$": [
       1681
     ],
     "abundance": [
       1685,
       1866,
       3458,
       3497,
       3511
     ],
     "r": [
       1688,
       1706,
       1729,
       1870,
       1905,
       1917,
       1993,
       2718,
       2841
     ],
     "t": [
       1691
     ],
     "$$\\phi": [
       1693,
       1745,
       1958,
       3767,
       4291
     ],
     "^{rs}_{a}$$": [
       1694
     ],
     "age": [
       1702,
       1809,
       2953,
       3674
     ],
     "alive": [
       1712
     ],
     "s": [
       1716
     ],
     "($$s\\neq": [
       1722
     ],
     "r$$": [
       1723
     ],
     "indicates": [
       1724,
       1736,
       3891
     ],
     "movement": [
       1725
     ],
     "s,": [
       1733
     ],
     "$$s=r$$": [
       1735
     ],
     "retention": [
       1737,
       1926,
       1930,
       2141,
       2651
     ],
     "r).": [
       1742
     ],
     "^{rr}_{\\mathrm{J}\\,}$$": [
       1746,
       3784,
       4289
     ],
     "juvenile": [
       1752,
       3082,
       3709
     ],
     "survives": [
       1753
     ],
     "remains": [
       1755
     ],
     "r,": [
       1758,
       2128
     ],
     "known": [
       1762,
       2436
     ],
     "\"apparent": [
       1764
     ],
     "survival\"": [
       1765
     ],
     "White": [
       1769
     ],
     "Burnham": [
       1771
     ],
     "1999).": [
       1772,
       4201
     ],
     "obtain": [
       1775,
       1840,
       2469
     ],
     "adult": [
       1779,
       1826,
       3609,
       3727,
       3734
     ],
     "survivors": [
       1780
     ],
     "remain": [
       1782
     ],
     "multiplying": [
       1787,
       1849
     ],
     "$$N^{r}$$": [
       1788,
       1817,
       1850,
       3544,
       3819
     ],
     "($$\\phi": [
       1795,
       1835,
       1955
     ],
     "^{rr}_{\\mathrm{A}\\,}$$).": [
       1796
     ],
     "Similarly,": [
       1797
     ],
     "recruits": [
       1804
     ],
     "survive": [
       1806,
       3671
     ],
     "two\u2010age": [
       1812
     ],
     "multiplied": [
       1818,
       2764
     ],
     "($$\\beta": [
       1827,
       3577
     ],
     "^{r}$$)": [
       1828,
       3578
     ],
     "^{rr}_{\\mathrm{J}\\,}$$).": [
       1836
     ],
     "additionally": [
       1839
     ],
     "immigration": [
       1857,
       1928,
       1938,
       2556,
       3793
     ],
     "($$I^{r}$$).": [
       1862
     ],
     "Thus,": [
       1863,
       2430,
       2808,
       3155,
       3530,
       3690,
       4022
     ],
     "expected": [
       1865
     ],
     "$$t+1$$": [
       1873,
       1988
     ],
     "reaches": [
       1878
     ],
     "maturity": [
       1879
     ],
     "step": [
       1883
     ],
     "($$\\lambda": [
       1889,
       2635
     ],
     "^{r}_{\\mathrm{loc}\\,}$$)": [
       1890
     ],
     "described": [
       1894,
       2681,
       3113
     ],
     "equilibrium,": [
       1900,
       2471,
       2549
     ],
     "^{r}_{\\mathrm{loc}\\,}=1$$": [
       1902
     ],
     "interest.To": [
       1910
     ],
     "shift": [
       1922
     ],
     "thus,": [
       1933
     ],
     "drop": [
       1936
     ],
     "(5)": [
       1942
     ],
     "replace": [
       1944
     ],
     "age\u2010specific": [
       1947
     ],
     "transition": [
       1948,
       2684,
       3059,
       3886
     ],
     "reflecting": [
       1950
     ],
     "^{rs}_{\\mathrm{A}\\,}$$": [
       1956
     ],
     "^{rs}_{\\mathrm{J}\\,}$$):": [
       1959
     ],
     "member": [
       1970,
       1990
     ],
     "metapopulation:": [
       1977
     ],
     "there": [
       1978
     ],
     "will": [
       1979,
       2254,
       2861,
       4270
     ],
     "metapopulation": [
       1985,
       2353,
       2634,
       2678,
       2870,
       3994
     ],
     "t.": [
       1996,
       2708
     ],
     "$$C^{r}>": [
       1998,
       2287,
       2503
     ],
     "contributes": [
       2003,
       2028
     ],
     "loses": [
       2008,
       2021
     ],
     "via": [
       2009
     ],
     "source.": [
       2014,
       2264,
       2364,
       3133
     ],
     "$$C^{r}<": [
       2016,
       2515
     ],
     "Note": [
       2033,
       2443
     ],
     "exhibit": [
       2042
     ],
     "regardless": [
       2047
     ],
     "whether": [
       2049
     ],
     "they": [
       2050,
       2311,
       4235
     ],
     "emigrate": [
       2051
     ],
     "\"true": [
       2054
     ],
     "survival,\"": [
       2055
     ],
     "$$S^{r}$$;": [
       2056
     ],
     "$$S^{r}_{\\mathrm{A}\\,}=\\phi": [
       2058
     ],
     "^{rr}_{\\mathrm{A}\\,}+\\sum_{s\\neq": [
       2059
     ],
     "r}\\phi": [
       2060
     ],
     "^{rs}_{\\mathrm{A}\\,}$$),": [
       2061
     ],
     "written": [
       2067
     ],
     "$$C^{r}=S^{r}_{\\mathrm{A}\\,}+S^{r}_{\\mathrm{J}\\,}\\beta": [
       2069
     ],
     "^{r}$$": [
       2070,
       3693,
       3765
     ],
     "(also": [
       2071
     ],
     "see": [
       2072
     ],
     "McGowan": [
       2073
     ],
     "Otis": [
       2075
     ],
     "1998;": [
       2076
     ],
     "Powell": [
       2077
     ],
     "2000a).One": [
       2080
     ],
     "commonly": [
       2082,
       3435
     ],
     "1992;": [
       2097
     ],
     "Donovan": [
       2098
     ],
     "1995;": [
       2101,
       4253
     ],
     "Perkins": [
       2102
     ],
     "2003)": [
       2105
     ],
     "similar": [
       2107,
       3381
     ],
     "(6)": [
       2110,
       2721
     ],
     "without": [
       2112
     ],
     "denote": [
       2118
     ],
     "\"self\u2010recruitment": [
       2123
     ],
     "rate\"": [
       2124
     ],
     "represents": [
       2130
     ],
     "maintain": [
       2138
     ],
     "itself": [
       2139,
       2872
     ],
     "self\u2010recruitment": [
       2143,
       2649
     ],
     "absence": [
       2147,
       3890
     ],
     "immigration).": [
       2149
     ],
     "$$R^{r}$$": [
       2152,
       2175,
       2187,
       2208,
       2294,
       2316,
       2421,
       2652,
       3352,
       3909,
       4304,
       4342
     ],
     "useful": [
       2155,
       2396
     ],
     "purposes,": [
       2159
     ],
     "fully": [
       2164
     ],
     "role": [
       2167,
       2226
     ],
     "metapopulation.Both": [
       2174
     ],
     "population,": [
       2185,
       3797
     ],
     "describes": [
       2188,
       2198
     ],
     "itself,": [
       2195
     ],
     "whereas": [
       2196
     ],
     "collectively.": [
       2206
     ],
     "Because": [
       2207
     ],
     "based": [
       2210
     ],
     "emigration,": [
       2218,
       4049
     ],
     "says": [
       2220
     ],
     "nothing": [
       2221
     ],
     "population's": [
       2225
     ],
     "system,": [
       2230
     ],
     "its": [
       2232,
       2990
     ],
     "effect": [
       2233
     ],
     "abundance.": [
       2236
     ],
     "$$R^{r}>": [
       2238
     ],
     "know": [
       2241
     ],
     "produces": [
       2246
     ],
     "surplus": [
       2249
     ],
     "grow": [
       2255
     ],
     "and/or": [
       2256,
       3081
     ],
     "produce": [
       2257
     ],
     "emigrants;": [
       2258
     ],
     "But": [
       2265
     ],
     "this": [
       2266,
       2677,
       2830,
       2917,
       3228,
       3326,
       3461,
       4331
     ],
     "way": [
       2271
     ],
     "source;": [
       2275,
       2510
     ],
     "$$R^{r}<": [
       2280
     ],
     "enough": [
       2284,
       3099
     ],
     "1$$.": [
       2288
     ],
     "sole": [
       2291,
       3549,
       3696
     ],
     "result": [
       2300
     ],
     "high": [
       2304,
       3510,
       3712
     ],
     "being": [
       2307
     ],
     "labeled": [
       2308
     ],
     "actually": [
       2313
     ],
     "sources.The": [
       2314
     ],
     "expression": [
       2315
     ],
     "related": [
       2318,
       2425
     ],
     "$$C^{r}$$:": [
       2320
     ],
     "$$E^{r}$$": [
       2322,
       2434,
       2488,
       2529,
       3362,
       4097
     ],
     "(the": [
       2323
     ],
     "r)": [
       2327
     ],
     "measures": [
       2328
     ],
     "guarantees": [
       2347
     ],
     "stationary": [
       2350
     ],
     "growing": [
       2352
     ],
     "paradigm": [
       2368
     ],
     "management,": [
       2375
     ],
     "indicative": [
       2379,
       2386
     ],
     "\"good": [
       2381
     ],
     "habitat\"": [
       2382
     ],
     "\"bad": [
       2388
     ],
     "habitat,\"": [
       2389
     ],
     "identifies": [
       2400
     ],
     "those": [
       2401,
       3431
     ],
     "represent": [
       2404,
       3439
     ],
     "alone.The": [
       2419
     ],
     "metrics": [
       2420,
       2998,
       3018,
       3831
     ],
     "^{r}_{\\mathrm{loc}\\,}$$": [
       2428,
       2464,
       3822,
       4109
     ],
     "$$I^{r}$$": [
       2432,
       2490,
       2531,
       3364,
       4099
     ],
     "equal,": [
       2439
     ],
     "^{r}_{\\mathrm{loc}\\,}=C^{r}$$.": [
       2442
     ],
     "closed": [
       2447
     ],
     "Gagen": [
       2451
     ],
     "^{r}_{\\mathrm{loc}\\,}=C^{r}=R^{r}$$.": [
       2456
     ],
     "exchange": [
       2461
     ],
     "terms,": [
       2467
     ],
     "At": [
       2470
     ],
     "^{r}_{\\mathrm{loc}\\,}=1$$,": [
       2473
     ],
     "model": [
       2476,
       4143
     ],
     "simplifies": [
       2477
     ],
     "654)": [
       2482
     ],
     "comparison": [
       2486
     ],
     "sinks;": [
       2498
     ],
     "$$E^{r}>": [
       2500
     ],
     "I^{r}$$,": [
       2501
     ],
     "$$I^{r}>": [
       2512
     ],
     "E^{r}$$,": [
       2513
     ],
     "reiterate": [
       2524
     ],
     "relationship": [
       2527
     ],
     "immigration)": [
       2537
     ],
     "conclusively": [
       2538
     ],
     "differentiates": [
       2539
     ],
     "Away": [
       2547
     ],
     "experience": [
       2554
     ],
     "emigration.Note": [
       2561
     ],
     "isolated": [
       2564
     ],
     "($$E^{r}$$": [
       2566
     ],
     "$$I^{r}=0$$)": [
       2568
     ],
     "^{r}_{\\mathrm{loc}\\,}>": [
       2571
     ],
     "our": [
       2580,
       3246,
       3250,
       3309,
       3320
     ],
     "scheme,": [
       2581
     ],
     "contributor": [
       2587
     ],
     "break": [
       2596
     ],
     "usage": [
       2599
     ],
     "consequence": [
       2603
     ],
     "relaxing": [
       2605
     ],
     "equilibrium.Cr": [
       2610
     ],
     "Structured": [
       2612
     ],
     "ModelsCr": [
       2614
     ],
     "Metapopulation": [
       2616
     ],
     "Growth": [
       2617
     ],
     "Rate.The": [
       2618
     ],
     "connection": [
       2624
     ],
     "asymptotic": [
       2627,
       2823,
       3063
     ],
     "_{\\mathrm{m}\\,}$$).": [
       2636
     ],
     "($$r=1$$": [
       2653
     ],
     "p)": [
       2655
     ],
     "linked": [
       2659
     ],
     "$$E^{rs}=\\phi": [
       2669
     ],
     "^{rs}_{\\mathrm{A}\\,}+\\beta": [
       2670
     ],
     "^{r}\\phi": [
       2671,
       3783,
       4288
     ],
     "^{rs}_{\\mathrm{J}\\,}$$,": [
       2672
     ],
     "matrix:": [
       2685
     ],
     "one\u2010time\u2010step": [
       2687
     ],
     "changes": [
       2688,
       3495
     ],
     "given": [
       2689
     ],
     "nt": [
       2692
     ],
     "column": [
       2695,
       2729
     ],
     "vector": [
       2696,
       2768
     ],
     "length": [
       2698
     ],
     "containing": [
       2700
     ],
     "sizes": [
       2702
     ],
     "Next,": [
       2709
     ],
     "note": [
       2723
     ],
     "sums": [
       2730
     ],
     "A,": [
       2732
     ],
     "Let": [
       2735
     ],
     "_{m}$$": [
       2737
     ],
     "dominant": [
       2740
     ],
     "eigenvalue": [
       2741
     ],
     "w": [
       2743
     ],
     "corresponding": [
       2746
     ],
     "right": [
       2747
     ],
     "eigenvector": [
       2748
     ],
     "Then,": [
       2751
     ],
     "eigenvalue,": [
       2756
     ],
     "$$\\mathbf{Aw}=\\lambda": [
       2757
     ],
     "_{m}\\mathbf{w}$$,": [
       2758
     ],
     "sides": [
       2762
     ],
     "row": [
       2767
     ],
     "1's,": [
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     ],
     "Equation": [
       2771
     ],
     "(13)": [
       2772
     ],
     "substituted": [
       2775
     ],
     "left\u2010hand": [
       2778
     ],
     "side": [
       2779,
       2795
     ],
     "(14),": [
       2782,
       2798
     ],
     "_{\\mathrm{m}\\,}$$": [
       2785
     ],
     "scalar)": [
       2787
     ],
     "factored": [
       2790
     ],
     "out": [
       2791
     ],
     "right\u2010hand": [
       2794
     ],
     "resulting": [
       2799
     ],
     "$$\\mathbf{C}^{\\prime": [
       2801
     ],
     "}\\mathbf{w}=\\lambda": [
       2802
     ],
     "_{m}\\mathbf{1}^{\\prime": [
       2803
     ],
     "}\\mathbf{w}$$.": [
       2804
     ],
     "By": [
       2805
     ],
     "multiplication,": [
       2807
     ],
     "sum": [
       2810,
       3013
     ],
     "contributions,": [
       2813,
       2851
     ],
     "weighted": [
       2814,
       2852
     ],
     "stable": [
       2817,
       3009,
       3050,
       3116,
       3164
     ],
     "distribution,": [
       2819
     ],
     "Intuitively,": [
       2829
     ],
     "sense:": [
       2832
     ],
     "patch": [
       2840
     ],
     "average": [
       2847
     ],
     "patch,": [
       2860
     ],
     "step,": [
       2877
     ],
     "underscores": [
       2884
     ],
     "usefulness": [
       2887
     ],
     "metric:": [
       2891
     ],
     "even": [
       2892
     ],
     "nonspatial,": [
       2894
     ],
     "stage\u2010structured": [
       2895
     ],
     "matrices,": [
       2896
     ],
     "analyze": [
       2902
     ],
     "stage": [
       2908,
       2973,
       2985,
       3010,
       3036,
       3051,
       3117,
       3165
     ],
     "class": [
       2909
     ],
     "whole.": [
       2915
     ],
     "sense,": [
       2918
     ],
     "bears": [
       2920
     ],
     "resemblance": [
       2922
     ],
     "value,": [
       2925
     ],
     "compare": [
       2928
     ],
     "appendix": [
       2932,
       3399
     ],
     "A.Multiple": [
       2933
     ],
     "Stage": [
       2934
     ],
     "Age": [
       2936
     ],
     "Classes.If": [
       2937
     ],
     "takes": [
       2942
     ],
     "unit": [
       2947
     ],
     "year)": [
       2949
     ],
     "reach": [
       2951
     ],
     "research": [
       2957,
       3322
     ],
     "design": [
       2958
     ],
     "requires": [
       2959,
       2979
     ],
     "post\u2010": [
       2960
     ],
     "intermediate": [
       2962
     ],
     "pulse": [
       2964
     ],
     "sampling,": [
       2965
     ],
     "age)": [
       2975
     ],
     "structure.": [
       2976
     ],
     "Doing": [
       2977
     ],
     "so": [
       2978
     ],
     "three": [
       2980
     ],
     "steps.": [
       2981
     ],
     "let": [
       2983
     ],
     "own": [
       2991,
       3321
     ],
     "metric.": [
       2993,
       3382
     ],
     "Second,": [
       2994
     ],
     "weight": [
       2995
     ],
     "stages": [
       3001
     ],
     "current": [
       3007,
       3035,
       3162
     ],
     "distributions.": [
       3011
     ],
     "Third,": [
       3012
     ],
     "weighted,": [
       3015
     ],
     "stage\u2010specific": [
       3016
     ],
     "calculate": [
       3023,
       3347
     ],
     "(app.": [
       3025
     ],
     "A).": [
       3026
     ],
     "Interest": [
       3027
     ],
     "short\u2010term": [
       3029
     ],
     "distribution": [
       3037,
       3052,
       3118
     ],
     "weights,": [
       3040
     ],
     "long\u2010term": [
       3044,
       3110,
       3174
     ],
     "(from,": [
       3053
     ],
     "say,": [
       3054
     ],
     "eigenanalysis": [
       3055
     ],
     "multistate": [
       3058
     ],
     "matrix).Comparing": [
       3060
     ],
     "time\u2010specific": [
       3061
     ],
     "useful.": [
       3067
     ],
     "recent": [
       3071
     ],
     "disturbance": [
       3072
     ],
     "resulted": [
       3074
     ],
     "decreased": [
       3079
     ],
     "Jones": [
       3085
     ],
     "2001),": [
       3088
     ],
     "situ": [
       3091
     ],
     "recruitment": [
       3092
     ],
     "subsequent": [
       3094
     ],
     "years": [
       3095,
       3254
     ],
     "low": [
       3098
     ],
     "cause": [
       3101
     ],
     "inverse": [
       3135
     ],
     "situation": [
       3136
     ],
     "banner": [
       3141
     ],
     "usually": [
       3151
     ],
     "contrasting": [
       3156
     ],
     "obtained": [
       3158,
       3226,
       4260
     ],
     "distributions": [
       3166
     ],
     "highlight": [
       3168
     ],
     "differences": [
       3170
     ],
     "short\u2010": [
       3172
     ],
     "interest.Review": [
       3181
     ],
     "Empirical": [
       3183
     ],
     "MethodsTo": [
       3184
     ],
     "investigate": [
       3185
     ],
     "methodology": [
       3188
     ],
     "conducted": [
       3196
     ],
     "search": [
       3198,
       3230,
       3251,
       3280
     ],
     "Biological": [
       3201
     ],
     "Abstracts": [
       3202
     ],
     "Worldwide": [
       3205
     ],
     "online": [
       3206,
       3269
     ],
     "databases": [
       3207,
       3270
     ],
     "sink(s),\"": [
       3212,
       3222
     ],
     "\"source": [
       3213,
       3217
     ],
     "sink)": [
       3215,
       3219
     ],
     "habitat(s),\"": [
       3216
     ],
     "population(s),\"": [
       3220
     ],
     "\"mortality": [
       3221
     ],
     "\"source\u2010sink.\"": [
       3224
     ],
     "Articles": [
       3225
     ],
     "original": [
       3229,
       3279
     ],
     "contained": [
       3231
     ],
     "citations": [
       3234
     ],
     "examining": [
       3238
     ],
     "dynamics,": [
       3240,
       4011
     ],
     "analysis.": [
       3247
     ],
     "constrained": [
       3249
     ],
     "1975\u20132001": [
       3255
     ],
     "sink\"": [
       3259
     ],
     "1975": [
       3264
     ],
     "updating": [
       3273
     ],
     "2002": [
       3276
     ],
     "conducted.": [
       3282
     ],
     "found": [
       3284,
       3397,
       3407
     ],
     "304": [
       3285
     ],
     "1),": [
       3292
     ],
     "143": [
       3293,
       3393
     ],
     "empirically": [
       3296
     ],
     "attempted": [
       3297,
       3449,
       3852,
       4127
     ],
     "identify": [
       3299,
       3451,
       3484,
       3566,
       3854
     ],
     "vertebrate": [
       3306
     ],
     "review,": [
       3311
     ],
     "chose": [
       3313
     ],
     "concentrate": [
       3315,
       3429
     ],
     "taxon.": [
       3327
     ],
     "Eighty\u2010nine": [
       3328
     ],
     "(62%)": [
       3330
     ],
     "parameter": [
       3332,
       3410,
       3697,
       3825
     ],
     "combinations": [
       3333,
       3411,
       3826,
       4047
     ],
     "either": [
       3335,
       3556,
       4018,
       4153,
       4343
     ],
     "unable": [
       3337
     ],
     "reliably": [
       3339,
       4237
     ],
     "did": [
       3345
     ],
     "despite": [
       3355
     ],
     "having": [
       3356
     ],
     "sufficient": [
       3357
     ],
     "information,": [
       3358
     ],
     "five": [
       3359,
       4122
     ],
     "(3%)": [
       3360,
       4045,
       4126
     ],
     "39": [
       3370,
       4323
     ],
     "(27%)": [
       3371,
       4326
     ],
     "$$R^{r}$$,": [
       3373
     ],
     "10": [
       3375
     ],
     "(7%)": [
       3376
     ],
     "calculated": [
       3377,
       4341
     ],
     "below": [
       3385
     ],
     "cursory;": [
       3387
     ],
     "full": [
       3389,
       3772
     ],
     "analysis": [
       3390
     ],
     "B.Parameters": [
       3400
     ],
     "Insufficient": [
       3401
     ],
     "Differentiate": [
       3403
     ],
     "SinksWe": [
       3406
     ],
     "32": [
       3408,
       3423
     ],
     "sinks.": [
       3417,
       3569,
       3762,
       4021
     ],
     "instead": [
       3428
     ],
     "most": [
       3434,
       4333
     ],
     "latest": [
       3441
     ],
     "developments": [
       3442
     ],
     "technology": [
       3444
     ],
     "theory.Twenty\u2010two": [
       3446
     ],
     "(15%)": [
       3448
     ],
     "estimating": [
       3456
     ],
     "($$N^{r}$$),": [
       3459
     ],
     "abundant": [
       3467
     ],
     "small": [
       3473,
       3951
     ],
     "Peres": [
       3479
     ],
     "2001).": [
       3480,
       3747,
       3970
     ],
     "failure": [
       3482
     ],
     "primary": [
       3486
     ],
     "(birth,": [
       3489
     ],
     "drive": [
       3494
     ],
     "often": [
       3498
     ],
     "incorrect": [
       3501
     ],
     "inferences": [
       3502
     ],
     "status": [
       3505
     ],
     "(Van": [
       3512,
       3845
     ],
     "Horne": [
       3513,
       3846
     ],
     "1983;": [
       3514,
       3847
     ],
     "Williams": [
       3515
     ],
     "2002).": [
       3518,
       4076
     ],
     "Theoretically,": [
       3519
     ],
     "low\u2010abundance": [
       3520
     ],
     "high\u2010abundance": [
       3524
     ],
     "(Pulliam": [
       3528
     ],
     "reversed": [
       3539
     ],
     "classification.Thirty\u2010six": [
       3552
     ],
     "(25%)": [
       3554
     ],
     "reproduction,": [
       3559
     ],
     "sometimes": [
       3560
     ],
     "combination": [
       3562
     ],
     "abundance,": [
       3564
     ],
     "rationale": [
       3571,
       3814,
       3864
     ],
     "behind": [
       3572,
       3815,
       3865
     ],
     "main": [
       3584
     ],
     "driving": [
       3586
     ],
     "Hoover": [
       3591
     ],
     "1995).": [
       3594
     ],
     "seems": [
       3597
     ],
     "common": [
       3600
     ],
     "migratory": [
       3602
     ],
     "bird": [
       3603
     ],
     "following": [
       3607
     ],
     "assumptions:": [
       3608
     ],
     "nesting": [
       3613
     ],
     "1.0,": [
       3616
     ],
     "overwinter": [
       3618
     ],
     "unrelated": [
       3621
     ],
     "individual": [
       3628
     ],
     "nested": [
       3629
     ],
     "season.": [
       3633
     ],
     "enables": [
       3637
     ],
     "evaluation": [
       3638
     ],
     "production": [
       3644
     ],
     "allow": [
       3648
     ],
     "delineation": [
       3650
     ],
     "ignores": [
       3657
     ],
     "crucial": [
       3659
     ],
     "component": [
       3660
     ],
     "ecology:": [
       3663
     ],
     "(Nichols": [
       3682
     ],
     "Pollock": [
       3684
     ],
     "1990;": [
       3685
     ],
     "Anders": [
       3686
     ],
     "1997).": [
       3689,
       3812
     ],
     "$$\\beta": [
       3692,
       3764,
       3782,
       4287
     ],
     "if,": [
       3704
     ],
     "inversely": [
       3720
     ],
     "correlated": [
       3721
     ],
     "reproduction.Studies": [
       3723
     ],
     "concentrating": [
       3724
     ],
     "lower": [
       3733
     ],
     "Knight": [
       3740
     ],
     "1988;": [
       3743
     ],
     "Cunningham": [
       3744
     ],
     "erroneous": [
       3751
     ],
     "fecundity": [
       3753
     ],
     "affects": [
       3755
     ],
     "Estimating": [
       3763,
       4298
     ],
     "^{rr}_{\\mathrm{A}\\,}$$": [
       3768,
       4292
     ],
     "investigation": [
       3773
     ],
     "necessary": [
       3786
     ],
     "effects": [
       3791
     ],
     "strongly": [
       3804
     ],
     "affect": [
       3805
     ],
     "(Anders": [
       3809
     ],
     "additional": [
       3833
     ],
     "necessarily": [
       3843
     ],
     "1988).Seven": [
       3849
     ],
     "(5%)": [
       3851
     ],
     "information": [
       3859,
       4008,
       4067
     ],
     "presence/absence": [
       3861
     ],
     "(P/A).": [
       3862
     ],
     "P/A": [
       3867,
       3977,
       4025
     ],
     "extinct": [
       3879
     ],
     "Celada": [
       3881
     ],
     "1994).": [
       3884
     ],
     "presence": [
       3888
     ],
     "died": [
       3895
     ],
     "emigrated;": [
       3897
     ],
     "therefore,": [
       3898
     ],
     "$$R^{r}=0$$,": [
       3899
     ],
     "criterion.": [
       3914,
       4335
     ],
     "causes": [
       3921
     ],
     "presence\u2010absence": [
       3923
     ],
     "transition,": [
       3924
     ],
     "extinction.": [
       3940
     ],
     "extinctions": [
       3943
     ],
     "Microtus": [
       3945
     ],
     "agrestis": [
       3946
     ],
     "(field": [
       3947
     ],
     "vole)": [
       3948
     ],
     "islands": [
       3952
     ],
     "Baltic": [
       3955
     ],
     "Sea": [
       3956
     ],
     "appear": [
       3957,
       4189
     ],
     "driven": [
       3960
     ],
     "(Crone": [
       3967
     ],
     "Recent": [
       3971
     ],
     "work": [
       3973
     ],
     "shown": [
       3975
     ],
     "data": [
       3978,
       4026
     ],
     "classical": [
       3992
     ],
     "colonization\u2010extinction": [
       3993
     ],
     "(Ovaskainen": [
       3995
     ],
     "2003).": [
       3998
     ],
     "Nevertheless,": [
       3999
     ],
     "\"presence\"": [
       4000
     ],
     "provides": [
       4006
     ],
     "little": [
       4007
     ],
     "extant": [
       4013
     ],
     "(Doak": [
       4036
     ],
     "Mills": [
       4038
     ],
     "1994;": [
       4039
     ],
     "Clinchy": [
       4040
     ],
     "2002).Five": [
       4043
     ],
     "N": [
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