Item talk:Q246262
From geokb
{
"USGS Publications Warehouse": { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Article", "additionalType": "Journal Article", "name": "The role of local populations within a landscape context: Defining and classifying sources and sinks", "identifier": [ { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "USGS Publications Warehouse IndexID", "value": "5224652", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/5224652" }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "USGS Publications Warehouse Internal ID", "value": 5224652 }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "DOI", "value": "10.1086/503531", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1086/503531" } ], "journal": { "@type": "Periodical", "name": "American Naturalist", "volumeNumber": "167", "issueNumber": "6" }, "inLanguage": "en", "isPartOf": [ { "@type": "CreativeWorkSeries", "name": "American Naturalist" } ], "datePublished": "2006", "dateModified": "2016-10-27", "abstract": "The interaction of local populations has been the focus of an increasing number of studies in the past 30 years. The study of source-sink dynamics has especially generated much interest. Many of the criteria used to distinguish sources and sinks incorporate the process of apparent survival (i.e., the combined probability of true survival and site fidelity) but not emigration. These criteria implicitly treat emigration as mortality, thus biasing the classification of sources and sinks in a manner that could lead to flawed habitat management. Some of the same criteria require rather restrictive assumptions about population equilibrium that, when violated, can also generate misleading inference. Here, we expand on a criterion (denoted ?contribution? or Cr) that incorporates successful emigration in differentiating sources and sinks and that makes no restrictive assumptions about dispersal or equilibrium processes in populations of interest. The metric Cr is rooted in the theory of matrix population models, yet it also contains clearly specified parameters that have been estimated in previous empirical research. We suggest that estimates of emigration are important for delineating sources and sinks and, more generally, for evaluating how local populations interact to generate overall system dynamics. This suggestion has direct implications for issues such as species conservation and habitat management.", "description": "14 p.", "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "American Naturalist" }, "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "name": "Nichols, J. D.", "givenName": "J. D.", "familyName": "Nichols", "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0002-7631-2890", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890" } }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Runge, M.C.", "givenName": "M.C.", "familyName": "Runge", "identifier": { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0002-8081-536X", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8081-536X" } }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Runge, J.P.", "givenName": "J.P.", "familyName": "Runge" } ], "funder": [ { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Patuxent Wildlife Research Center", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/pwrc" } ] }, "OpenAlex": { "abstract_inverted_index": { "Previous": [ 0 ], "articleNext": [ 1 ], "article": [ 2 ], "FreeThe": [ 3 ], "Role": [ 4, 945 ], "of": [ 5, 57, 95, 102, 106, 115, 124, 136, 143, 163, 178, 229, 239, 262, 327, 342, 352, 354, 366, 380, 395, 494, 534, 541, 557, 572, 589, 602, 610, 670, 674, 682, 713, 728, 734, 745, 849, 865, 933, 946, 968, 991, 999, 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2615, 2650, 2656, 2722, 2742, 2783, 2845, 2926, 3041, 3062, 3163, 3173, 3193, 3203, 3223, 3241, 3267, 3363, 3374, 3405, 3445, 3453, 3472, 3535, 3568, 3617, 3653, 3675, 3683, 3761, 3798, 3900, 3996, 4034, 4037, 4051, 4059, 4071, 4098, 4131, 4165, 4182, 4199, 4221, 4240, 4255, 4290, 4296, 4311, 4315, 4319, 4322 ], "Classifying": [ 14 ], "Sources": [ 15, 953, 3404 ], "SinksJonathan": [ 17 ], "P.": [ 18, 37 ], "Runge,": [ 19, 22, 38, 41 ], "Michael": [ 20, 39 ], "C.": [ 21, 40 ], "James": [ 24, 43 ], "D.": [ 25, 44 ], "Nichols,": [ 26, 45 ], "Associate": [ 27, 46 ], "Editor:": [ 28, 33, 47, 52 ], "Judy": [ 29, 48 ], "A.": [ 30, 49, 2750 ], "Stamps,": [ 31, 50 ], "Donald": [ 34, 53 ], "L.": [ 35, 54 ], "DeAngelisJonathan": [ 36 ], "DeAngelis1.": [ 55 ], "University": [ 56 ], "Montana,": [ 58 ], "Wildlife": [ 59, 64, 75, 3204 ], "Biology": [ 60 ], "Program,": [ 61 ], "Montana": [ 62, 68 ], "Cooperative": [ 63 ], "Research": [ 65, 76 ], "Unit,": [ 66 ], "Missoula,": [ 67 ], "59812;2.": [ 69 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1842, 3667 ], "studies": [ 107, 382, 712, 3329, 3394, 3447, 3553, 3604, 3850, 4044, 4123, 4125, 4138, 4301, 4325, 4339 ], "in": [ 108, 167, 211, 227, 236, 254, 302, 307, 334, 388, 479, 491, 546, 677, 686, 705, 771, 782, 921, 966, 1033, 1041, 1144, 1204, 1212, 1277, 1418, 1470, 1504, 1596, 1686, 1704, 1707, 1714, 1717, 1738, 1756, 1783, 1810, 1867, 1880, 1906, 1940, 1983, 2037, 2145, 2172, 2227, 2301, 2445, 2579, 2800, 2858, 2873, 2893, 2931, 3028, 3043, 3075, 3090, 3093, 3146, 3176, 3199, 3227, 3245, 3263, 3305, 3398, 3443, 3496, 3561, 3601, 3625, 3677, 3794, 3953, 4053, 4144, 4193, 4224, 4265, 4276 ], "past": [ 110 ], "30": [ 111 ], "years.": [ 112 ], "The": [ 113, 231, 475, 486, 526, 989, 1029, 1562, 1580, 1960, 2150, 3134, 3383, 3570, 3813, 3885 ], "study": [ 114, 763 ], "source\u2010sink": [ 116, 375, 386, 433, 487, 542, 573, 703, 809, 901, 1247, 1281, 2367, 3239, 3289, 3303, 3699, 3855, 4010, 4194, 4277 ], "dynamics": [ 117, 387, 435, 543, 574, 704, 2675, 3030, 3045, 3111, 3175, 3290, 3304, 3589, 3777, 3808, 3856 ], "especially": [ 119 ], "generated": [ 120, 2181 ], "much": [ 121, 4101 ], "interest.": [ 122, 230 ], "Many": [ 123 ], "criteria": [ 126, 153, 181, 882, 1438, 1471 ], "used": [ 127, 751, 883, 911, 2083, 2372, 2493, 2900, 3189, 3331, 3361, 3372, 3412, 3436, 3546, 3555, 3911, 3981, 4046, 4283, 4303 ], "distinguish": [ 129, 3340, 3366 ], "sources": [ 130, 164, 213, 268, 396, 427, 597, 659, 886, 915, 941, 963, 1158, 1306, 1415, 1441, 1493, 1653, 2086, 2342, 2496, 2540, 3192, 3341, 3367, 3415, 3452, 3471, 3521, 3567, 3652, 3760, 4019, 4033, 4058, 4070, 4130, 4164, 4172, 4239, 4295, 4310 ], "sinks": [ 132, 166, 215, 270, 398, 429, 599, 663, 797, 965, 1160, 1308, 1417, 1443, 1495, 1541, 1655, 2088, 2309, 2344, 2542, 3343, 3454, 3477, 3525, 3654, 3738, 4035, 4072, 4132, 4166, 4169, 4241, 4312 ], "incorporate": [ 133, 1566, 1584, 2972 ], "process": [ 135, 3585 ], "apparent": [ 137, 730, 748, 1791, 1831, 2212 ], "survival": [ 138, 145, 749, 1189, 1254, 1289, 1327, 1659, 1792, 1832, 1952, 2045, 3083, 3557, 3610, 3619, 3714, 3728, 3735, 3799 ], "(i.e.,": [ 139, 1309, 2144, 2532, 2948, 4088 ], "combined": [ 141 ], "probability": [ 142, 733, 1697, 1749, 2046 ], "true": [ 144, 478, 1366, 3541, 3844 ], "site": [ 147, 2818, 2988, 3004, 3021 ], "fidelity)": [ 148 ], "but": [ 149, 635, 1396, 2111, 2160, 2186, 2600, 3427, 3645 ], "not": [ 150, 420, 636, 1355, 1449, 1560, 1565, 2163, 2268, 2594, 3346, 3420, 3647, 3770, 3842, 4028 ], "emigration.": [ 151, 973, 1359, 2116 ], "These": [ 152, 1556 ], "implicitly": [ 154 ], "treat": [ 155 ], "emigration": [ 156, 210, 263, 359, 899, 1167, 1211, 1454, 1469, 1485, 1661, 1954, 2305, 2324, 2534, 3917, 3963 ], "as": [ 157, 293, 596, 796, 802, 846, 1054, 1090, 1100, 1310, 1390, 1486, 1515, 1624, 1682, 1695, 1763, 1895, 2053, 2068, 2121, 2576, 2913, 3351, 3547, 3694, 3912, 4305 ], "mortality,": [ 158, 1361 ], "thus": [ 159, 827, 1245, 1598 ], "biasing": [ 160 ], "classification": [ 162, 341, 588, 1248, 1257, 3532, 3542 ], "manner": [ 169 ], "that": [ 170, 207, 217, 250, 260, 463, 567, 759, 789, 815, 832, 852, 862, 897, 1070, 1107, 1118, 1288, 1318, 1529, 1570, 1631, 1656, 1698, 1750, 1781, 1805, 1877, 1898, 2034, 2242, 2251, 2259, 2286, 2348, 2361, 2403, 2444, 2484, 2525, 2562, 2645, 2657, 2724, 2733, 2878, 3121, 3150, 3334, 3432, 3438, 3466, 3580, 3670, 3730, 3829, 3840, 3869, 3892, 3976, 4065, 4213 ], "could": [ 171, 1384, 2278, 2552, 3537, 3903, 3929, 4280 ], "lead": [ 172 ], "flawed": [ 174 ], "habitat": [ 175, 297, 644, 754, 786, 1231, 1429, 2374, 3624, 3836 ], "management.": [ 176 ], "Some": [ 177 ], "same": [ 180, 2044 ], "require": [ 182 ], "rather": [ 183, 1626, 2411, 2601, 3918 ], "restrictive": [ 184, 220 ], "assumptions": [ 185, 221 ], "about": [ 186, 222, 2222, 3503, 4009 ], "population": [ 187, 241, 337, 367, 434, 449, 609, 835, 840, 980, 1145, 1320, 1388, 1518, 1569, 1638, 1687, 1785, 1813, 1847, 1861, 1869, 1886, 2127, 2136, 2171, 2194, 2245, 2253, 2334, 2360, 2418, 2507, 2519, 2545, 2565, 2609, 2856, 2912, 3104, 3124, 3149, 3179, 3487, 3588, 3662, 3776, 3807, 3871, 3902, 3928, 3989, 4141, 4180 ], "equilibrium": [ 188, 225, 1035, 1066, 1115, 1341, 4087 ], "that,": [ 189, 1131, 1444 ], "when": [ 190, 437, 639, 770, 1036, 1058, 1068, 1072, 2310, 2459, 2760, 3277 ], "violated,": [ 191 ], "can": [ 192, 924, 1363, 1774, 1838, 1891, 1935, 2065, 2491, 2679, 2773, 2788, 2898, 3395, 3522, 3701, 3803, 3979, 4016 ], "also": [ 193, 245, 1761 ], "generate": [ 194, 281, 4271 ], "misleading": [ 195, 3703 ], "inference.": [ 196 ], "Here,": [ 197 ], "we": [ 198, 784, 844, 874, 890, 907, 1383, 1411, 1679, 1921, 1934, 2240, 2460, 2468, 2638, 2710, 2927, 3195, 3242, 3312 ], "expand": [ 199, 891 ], "on": [ 200, 349, 374, 624, 892, 1250, 2211, 2234, 3208, 3317, 3325, 3430, 3463, 3726, 3860, 3950 ], "criterion": [ 202, 814, 896, 1312, 1650, 2064, 2397, 3349, 3550, 4307 ], "(denoted": [ 203, 2052 ], "\"contribution\"": [ 204 ], "or": [ 205, 224, 577, 594, 598, 855, 858, 987, 1088, 1152, 1481, 2351, 2535, 2935, 2954, 2961, 3008, 3344, 3353, 3379, 3437, 3492, 3558, 3713, 3717, 3820, 3896, 4020, 4091, 4160, 4170, 4350 ], "$$C^{r}$$)": [ 206 ], "incorporates": [ 208, 817, 898 ], "successful": [ 209 ], "differentiating": [ 212, 1440, 3191, 4032, 4309 ], "makes": [ 218, 836, 2831 ], "no": [ 219, 1142, 1399 ], "dispersal": [ 223, 438, 583, 1426, 1547, 1587, 2449, 2661, 2666, 3527, 4066, 4185, 4212, 4275 ], "processes": [ 226, 2662, 3488, 3800 ], "metric": [ 232, 1181, 1961, 2081, 2120, 2151, 2156, 2619, 4148 ], "$$C^{r}$$": [ 233, 1962, 1981, 2177, 2197, 2346, 2391, 2423, 2466, 2620, 2833, 2890, 2897, 2919, 2967, 3024, 3064, 3157, 3354, 3378 ], "is": [ 234, 430, 477, 664, 684, 1032, 1045, 1052, 1060, 1148, 1218, 1262, 1290, 1321, 1329, 1343, 1617, 1711, 1747, 1760, 1814, 1884, 1963, 2012, 2030, 2106, 2153, 2209, 2262, 2267, 2317, 2362, 2369, 2508, 2520, 2584, 2593, 2693, 2820, 2834, 3152, 3386, 3545, 3579, 3582, 3615, 3620, 3711, 3719, 3750, 3785, 3828, 3841, 3868, 3910, 4079, 4085, 4100, 4110 ], "rooted": [ 235 ], "theory": [ 238, 418, 697, 810 ], "matrix": [ 240, 1428, 2806 ], "models,": [ 242 ], "yet": [ 243, 2282 ], "it": [ 244, 1271, 1616, 1621, 1673, 1945, 2007, 2027, 2161, 2219, 2261, 2399, 2583, 3581, 3656, 3877 ], "contains": [ 246 ], "clearly": [ 247 ], "specified": [ 248 ], "parameters": [ 249, 821, 4226, 4349 ], "have": [ 251, 323, 371, 383, 406, 419, 612, 1436, 1467, 2279, 2646, 2989, 3930, 4302, 4327 ], "estimated": [ 253 ], "previous": [ 255, 3631 ], "empirical": [ 256, 381, 393, 616, 711, 905, 1325, 3187, 3310, 3531, 4324 ], "research.": [ 257, 626 ], "We": [ 258, 1773, 1837, 2117, 2523, 3248, 3283, 3418 ], "suggest": [ 259, 918, 3032, 3047, 3120 ], "estimates": [ 261, 744, 4183, 4210, 4273, 4285 ], "are": [ 264, 658, 662, 750, 765, 800, 1186, 1559, 2312, 2424, 2435, 2658, 2727, 2763, 3336, 3433, 4214 ], "important": [ 265, 614, 685, 1432, 3169 ], "for": [ 266, 274, 290, 385, 392, 425, 575, 935, 1005, 1092, 1102, 1191, 1439, 1453, 1533, 1651, 1874, 1903, 2115, 2125, 2157, 2373, 2407, 2415, 2999, 3038, 3143, 3190, 3275, 3551, 3705, 3787, 3801, 3936, 4031, 4308, 4347 ], "delineating": [ 267 ], "and,": [ 271, 2759 ], "more": [ 272, 460, 856, 1119, 2004, 2022, 2395, 2943, 3233, 3961, 4161 ], "generally,": [ 273, 667, 2458 ], "evaluating": [ 275, 3788 ], "how": [ 276, 783, 919 ], "interact": [ 279 ], "overall": [ 282, 2590, 2822 ], "system": [ 283, 848, 990, 1031, 1908, 2410, 3679, 4084, 4267 ], "dynamics.": [ 284 ], "This": [ 285, 777, 2592, 2883, 3595, 3748, 4077 ], "suggestion": [ 286, 2483 ], "direct": [ 288 ], "implications": [ 289 ], "issues": [ 291 ], "such": [ 292, 343, 653, 3350 ], "species": [ 294, 300, 1876, 2939 ], "conservation": [ 295 ], "management.Virtually": [ 298 ], "all": [ 299, 757, 1015, 1025, 1591, 1904, 2041, 2202, 3392, 3422, 3893, 4262 ], "occur": [ 301, 3138 ], "multiple": [ 303, 308 ], "locations,": [ 304, 859 ], "which": [ 305, 656, 661, 843, 1093, 1103, 1397, 1759, 2129, 2214, 3295, 3485, 3626, 3756, 4107, 4118, 4145, 4279 ], "results": [ 306 ], "forming": [ 311 ], "larger": [ 312, 336, 608, 839, 2229 ], "at": [ 314, 440, 1114, 1322, 1482, 1689, 1871, 1899, 1986, 1994, 2356, 2544, 2706, 4003, 4086 ], "landscape": [ 316 ], "level.": [ 317 ], "Correspondingly,": [ 318, 2289 ], "ecologists": [ 319 ], "resource": [ 321, 620 ], "managers": [ 322, 621, 629 ], "realized": [ 324 ], "importance": [ 326, 2905 ], "understanding": [ 328 ], "roles": [ 330, 344 ], "play": [ 333 ], "context.": [ 338 ], "One": [ 339, 3863 ], "conceptual": [ 340, 1490 ], "distinguishes": [ 345 ], "\"sources\"": [ 346 ], "\"sinks\"": [ 348 ], "basis": [ 351 ], "patterns": [ 353 ], "birth,": [ 355, 969, 1163 ], "death,": [ 356, 971, 1165, 3490 ], "immigration,": [ 357, 970, 1164, 3491, 4050 ], "(Holt": [ 360, 469, 513 ], "1984;": [ 361, 470, 519, 1459, 2093, 4317 ], "Pulliam": [ 362, 402, 524, 877, 959, 974, 1082, 1104, 1169, 1225, 3848 ], "1988).": [ 363, 525, 3529 ], "Theoretical": [ 364 ], "discussions": [ 365 ], "evolutionary": [ 369 ], "ecology": [ 370 ], "increasingly": [ 372, 688 ], "focused": [ 373, 3324 ], "dynamics;": [ 376 ], "consequently,": [ 377 ], "numbers": [ 379, 1001 ], "tested": [ 384 ], "nature.": [ 389 ], "Despite": [ 390 ], "searches": [ 391 ], "evidence": [ 394, 3834 ], "(e.g.,": [ 399, 1138, 1455, 1472, 1496, 1768, 2089, 2450, 3084, 3478, 3590, 3739, 3880, 4173, 4313 ], "Dias": [ 400, 4174 ], "1996;": [ 401 ], "1996),": [ 403 ], "definitive": [ 404 ], "examples": [ 405 ], "elusive": [ 408 ], "(Diffendorfer": [ 409 ], "1998),": [ 410, 2454 ], "perhaps": [ 411, 4061 ], "because": [ 412, 798, 1404, 1620, 2398, 2582, 3256, 3319, 3655, 3752, 3778, 4012 ], "estimation": [ 414, 669, 727, 920 ], "methods": [ 415, 910, 3426, 4207 ], "integrated.The": [ 422 ], "general": [ 423, 1120, 2886 ], "intuition": [ 424 ], "defining": [ 426, 1157, 1505, 3698 ], "widely": [ 431 ], "appealing:": [ 432 ], "arise": [ 436 ], "connects": [ 439 ], "least": [ 441, 1483, 2357 ], "two": [ 442, 854, 1557, 2930 ], "populations,": [ 443 ], "individuals": [ 445, 792, 851, 1400, 1573, 1982, 2005, 2036, 2285, 3894, 3935, 4002 ], "emigrating": [ 446 ], "from": [ 447, 563, 761, 1014, 1021, 1197, 1292, 1370, 1726, 1914, 1925, 2326, 2548, 2716, 3159, 3342, 3368, 3416, 3540, 3887, 4114, 4187, 4261 ], "one": [ 448, 1091, 1101, 1205, 1708, 1881, 2358, 2945 ], "(a": [ 450, 454, 2786 ], "source)": [ 451 ], "support": [ 452, 3523 ], "another": [ 453, 1731 ], "sink).": [ 455 ], "A": [ 456 ], "source": [ 457, 634, 1086, 1124, 1233, 1392, 2277, 2377, 2551, 2578, 3534, 3933 ], "must": [ 458, 466, 2354, 2968, 3469, 3475, 3736, 3872 ], "be": [ 459, 768, 775, 794, 812, 925, 1346, 1576, 1893, 1980, 2066, 2273, 2371, 2393, 2438, 2492, 2574, 2680, 2738, 2744, 2774, 2789, 2862, 2899, 2969, 3066, 3097, 3106, 3131, 3396, 3470, 3476, 3538, 3599, 3702, 3737, 3759, 3873, 3904, 3959, 3980, 4017, 4029, 4191, 4282 ], "than": [ 461, 1627, 2006, 2026, 2412, 2944, 3919, 3964, 4103, 4167 ], "self\u2010supporting;": [ 462 ], "is,": [ 464, 1071, 2260, 2734, 2879 ], "reproduction": [ 465, 746, 3080, 3144 ], "exceed": [ 467 ], "mortality": [ 468, 483, 1357, 1407, 1675, 2010, 2025, 2216, 3707, 3920, 3966 ], "Shmida": [ 471, 516, 1456, 2090, 4314 ], "Ellner": [ 473, 518, 1458, 2092, 4316 ], "1984).": [ 474 ], "reverse": [ 476 ], "sink,": [ 481, 1126 ], "where": [ 482, 1182, 2321, 2691 ], "exceeds": [ 484 ], "reproduction.": [ 485 ], "concept": [ 488, 527, 3260 ], "was": [ 489, 993, 3261, 3281 ], "introduced": [ 490, 3262 ], "form": [ 493 ], "\"dispersal": [ 495, 3211, 3258 ], "sinks\"": [ 496 ], "(Lidicker": [ 497, 3265 ], "1975),": [ 498, 3266 ], "then": [ 499, 756, 994, 1425, 1590, 1892, 2062, 2390, 2440, 2502, 2514, 2673, 2966, 3089, 3925, 4281 ], "modified": [ 500, 2970 ], "include": [ 502, 1356, 1450, 2355 ], "\"donor\"": [ 503 ], "\"receptor\"": [ 505 ], "habitats": [ 506, 593, 638, 679, 857, 986, 1177, 1259, 3640 ], "(Hansson": [ 507 ], "1977),": [ 508 ], "finally": [ 510 ], "investigated": [ 511, 569 ], "mathematically": [ 512 ], "1984,": [ 514 ], "1985;": [ 515 ], "Roughgarden": [ 520, 1473 ], "Iwasa": [ 522, 1475 ], "1986;": [ 523, 1476 ], "became": [ 528 ], "exceedingly": [ 529 ], "popular,": [ 530 ], "published": [ 535, 560 ], "articles": [ 536, 559, 581, 3236, 3274, 3286 ], "explicitly": [ 537, 568, 816, 3237, 3287 ], "addressing": [ 538 ], "some": [ 539, 570, 773, 1275, 2158, 2921, 4217 ], "aspect": [ 540, 571 ], "rose": [ 544 ], "dramatically": [ 545 ], "late": [ 548 ], "1990s": [ 549 ], "early": [ 551 ], "2000s": [ 552 ], "(fig.": [ 553, 3291 ], "1).Figure": [ 554 ], "1:": [ 555 ], "Number": [ 556 ], "reviewed": [ 558 ], "by": [ 561, 996, 1393, 1521, 1578, 1786, 1789, 1819, 1848, 1851, 2182, 2429, 2660, 2682, 2690, 2752, 2765, 2815, 2853, 3005, 3455, 3962, 3965, 4106, 4205, 4344, 4351 ], "year": [ 562, 1206, 3077, 3142 ], "1978": [ 564 ], "2001": [ 566 ], "plant": [ 576 ], "animal": [ 578, 1700 ], "(includes": [ 580 ], "investigating": [ 582, 3288 ], "sinks).View": [ 584 ], "Large": [ 585 ], "ImageDownload": [ 586 ], "PowerPointAccurate": [ 587 ], "(or": [ 592, 1049, 2974, 3214, 3218 ], "sites)": [ 595 ], "identification": [ 601, 3462 ], "their": [ 603, 625, 3006 ], "relative": [ 604, 672, 2855, 2904, 3641, 3790 ], "contributions": [ 605, 673, 831, 2726, 3985 ], "interest": [ 611, 683, 2941, 3042, 3126, 3681, 4269 ], "become": [ 613 ], "biologists": [ 617 ], "who": [ 622 ], "rely": [ 623 ], "For": [ 627, 708, 1743, 3068, 3308, 3941 ], "instance,": [ 628, 3069, 3942 ], "may": [ 630, 774, 793, 1574, 2299, 2392, 3065, 3096, 3119, 3137, 3167, 3758, 4027 ], "wish": [ 631, 1412 ], "conserve": [ 633 ], "sink": [ 637, 1098, 1240, 1514, 2384, 2559, 3536, 3875, 3907, 4158 ], "faced": [ 640 ], "with": [ 641, 981, 1946, 2303, 2345, 2376, 2569, 2597, 2663, 2686, 2719, 3114, 3509, 3563, 3605, 3722, 3732, 3766, 4284 ], "decisions": [ 642 ], "regarding": [ 643, 3835 ], "management": [ 645 ], "(Crowder": [ 646 ], "et": [ 647, 1478, 2078, 2099, 2103, 2452, 3086, 3516, 3592, 3687, 3741, 3745, 3810, 3882, 3968, 4041, 4074, 4175, 4228, 4232, 4251 ], "al.": [ 648, 1479, 2079, 2100, 2104, 2453, 3087, 3517, 3593, 3688, 3742, 3746, 3811, 3883, 3969, 4042, 4075, 4176, 4229, 4233, 4252 ], "2000;": [ 649 ], "Semlitsch": [ 650 ], "2000).": [ 651 ], "In": [ 652, 1324, 1380, 2916 ], "situations,": [ 654 ], "identifying": [ 655 ], "areas": [ 657, 788, 3731, 3757 ], "crucial.": [ 665 ], "More": [ 666, 2457 ], "accurate": [ 668, 4209 ], "different": [ 678, 3409 ], "systems": [ 681, 3700, 4195 ], "fragmented": [ 689 ], "natural": [ 690, 706 ], "world.Unfortunately,": [ 691 ], "gap": [ 693 ], "exists": [ 694 ], "between": [ 695, 2487, 2528, 3171, 4096, 4163 ], "existing": [ 696, 2598, 3186 ], "ability": [ 700, 2132, 2330 ], "estimate": [ 702, 719, 3780, 3983 ], "populations.": [ 707, 2340, 3307 ], "example,": [ 709, 1744, 3706 ], "many": [ 710, 791, 1572 ], "vertebrates": [ 714, 3318 ], "use": [ 715, 1301, 2292, 4023 ], "mark\u2010recapture": [ 716 ], "techniques": [ 717, 723 ], "vital": [ 720 ], "rates.": [ 721 ], "Mark\u2010recapture": [ 722 ], "generally": [ 724 ], "enable": [ 725, 3771 ], "so\u2010called": [ 729 ], "survival,": [ 731, 823, 1615, 2213 ], "surviving": [ 735 ], "staying": [ 737 ], "population.": [ 741, 1606, 2591 ], "If": [ 742, 1410, 1997, 2015, 2237, 2365, 2637 ], "only": [ 743, 1111, 2231, 2270, 2543, 3457, 3574, 3858, 4081 ], "describe": [ 753, 2165, 2178 ], "quality,": [ 755, 3837 ], "animals": [ 758, 1040, 2023 ], "disappear": [ 760 ], "area": [ 764 ], "assumed": [ 766, 3729, 4139 ], "mortalities,": [ 769 ], "reality": [ 772 ], "emigrants.": [ 776 ], "leads": [ 778, 3499 ], "bias": [ 781 ], "quantify": [ 785 ], "quality:": [ 787 ], "export": [ 790, 2283 ], "seen": [ 795 ], "emigrants": [ 799, 1020, 1593, 1623, 3710 ], "tallied": [ 801 ], "mortalities.": [ 803 ], "Therefore,": [ 804 ], "valuable": [ 806 ], "addition": [ 807, 3817 ], "would": [ 811, 1594, 2573, 3031, 3046 ], "relevant": [ 819 ], "rate": [ 820, 1328, 1855, 1888, 2325, 2631, 2667, 2825, 3576 ], "(reproduction,": [ 822 ], "emigration)": [ 825, 3493 ], "rigorously": [ 828 ], "quantifies": [ 829, 1633 ], "(hereafter,": [ 841 ], "metapopulation,": [ 842, 1920, 2844 ], "define": [ 845, 1680, 2639, 2711 ], "interbreeding": [ 850 ], "encompasses": [ 853 ], "while": [ 860, 1896 ], "noting": [ 861, 1897 ], "alternate": [ 863 ], "definitions": [ 864, 1109, 1121 ], "term": [ 867, 1452, 1939 ], "exist;": [ 868 ], "e.g.,": [ 869, 2057 ], "Hanski": [ 870, 3997 ], "Simberloff": [ 872 ], "[1997]).Here,": [ 873 ], "review": [ 875, 908, 3384, 3421 ], "(1988)": [ 878, 960, 975, 1083, 1105 ], "models": [ 879 ], "other": [ 881, 1016, 1026, 1402, 2338, 3937, 4203 ], "differentiate": [ 885, 1305, 2085, 2495, 3414, 4129, 4238, 4294 ], "sinks,": [ 888, 917, 3194, 3369, 4060 ], "single": [ 894 ], "preferred": [ 895 ], "into": [ 900, 2776 ], "classification.": [ 902 ], "Turning": [ 903 ], "applications,": [ 906 ], "previously": [ 912 ], "classify": [ 914, 2296, 4057 ], "field": [ 923, 936 ], "tied": [ 926 ], "theory,": [ 928 ], "provide": [ 930, 3832, 4208 ], "set": [ 932, 998, 2641 ], "tools": [ 934 ], "workers": [ 937 ], "attempting": [ 938 ], "delineate": [ 940 ], "sinks.Describing": [ 943 ], "Population": [ 949, 2613 ], "LandscapeDefining": [ 952 ], "SinksIn": [ 955 ], "his": [ 956 ], "landmark": [ 957 ], "article,": [ 958 ], "first": [ 961, 1563 ], "defined": [ 962, 1084, 1096, 1512 ], "terms": [ 967, 2114, 2668, 3210 ], "considered": [ 976, 1229, 1484, 3905 ], "spatially": [ 978 ], "distributed": [ 979 ], "p": [ 982, 2643, 2699, 2850 ], "subpopulations": [ 983, 992, 2644 ], "occupying": [ 984 ], "discrete": [ 985 ], "compartments.": [ 988 ], "characterized": [ 995 ], "location\u2010specific": [ 1000 ], "births": [ 1003 ], "(bj": [ 1004 ], "location": [ 1006, 1012, 1022, 1089, 1373, 4005 ], "j),": [ 1007 ], "deaths": [ 1008 ], "(dj),": [ 1009 ], "immigrants": [ 1010, 1844 ], "j": [ 1013, 1023 ], "locations": [ 1017, 1027 ], "(ij),": [ 1018 ], "(ej).": [ 1028 ], "entire": [ 1030, 1423, 1669, 2409, 2869 ], "dynamic": [ 1034, 1065 ], "each": [ 1042, 1075, 2704, 2859, 2907, 2984, 3020 ], "subpopulation,": [ 1043 ], "nj,": [ 1044 ], "constant": [ 1046 ], "over": [ 1047, 1132, 1334, 1667 ], "time": [ 1048, 1136, 1337, 1690, 1872, 1882, 1987, 1995, 2707, 2876, 2946 ], "if": [ 1050, 1234, 1241, 1331, 1550, 1586, 2035, 2431, 2499, 2511, 2955, 3070, 3139, 3543, 3876, 3908, 3916, 4082, 4093 ], "nj": [ 1051 ], "viewed": [ 1053 ], "random": [ 1056 ], "variable,": [ 1057 ], "E(nj)": [ 1059 ], "constant).": [ 1062 ], "Such": [ 1063, 1360, 3634 ], "occurs": [ 1067, 3145 ], "$$b_{j}+i_{j}-d_{j}-e_{j}=0$$,": [ 1069 ], "gains": [ 1073, 1625, 2180, 2190, 2200, 2406, 2414 ], "subpopulation": [ 1076, 1130, 1705, 1715, 1728, 1732, 1741, 1757, 1916, 1974, 1992, 2002, 2020, 2040, 2705, 2717 ], "equal": [ 1077, 1815 ], "losses.Given": [ 1078 ], "above": [ 1080, 3827 ], "development,": [ 1081 ], "compartment": [ 1087, 1099 ], "he": [ 1095 ], "noted": [ 1106 ], "these": [ 1108, 2725, 3244, 3425, 3830, 4338 ], "applied": [ 1110 ], "suggested": [ 1117 ], "respectively,": [ 1127 ], "were": [ 1128, 1588, 3271 ], "relatively": [ 1134 ], "long": [ 1135 ], "period": [ 1137 ], "several": [ 1139 ], "generations),": [ 1140 ], "shows": [ 1141 ], "change": [ 1143 ], "size": [ 1146, 2857 ], "net": [ 1150, 1153, 2179, 2189, 2199, 2248, 2405, 2413, 2533, 2536, 2555, 2560, 2586 ], "exporter": [ 1151 ], "importer": [ 1154 ], "individuals.After": [ 1156 ], "using": [ 1161, 1260, 3033, 3048, 3573, 3691, 3857, 3866, 4133, 4352 ], "model,": [ 1168, 1270 ], "shifted": [ 1170 ], "habitat\u2010specific": [ 1173, 1188, 1220 ], "demography": [ 1174 ], "classified": [ 1176, 1389, 2575 ], "according": [ 1178 ], "PA": [ 1183 ], "PJ": [ 1185 ], "probabilities": [ 1190, 1949 ], "adults": [ 1192, 1664, 1794, 3718 ], "young": [ 1194 ], "($$\\mathrm{A}\\,=\\mathrm{adult}\\,$$,": [ 1195 ], "$$\\mathrm{J}\\,=\\mathrm{juvenile}\\,$$)": [ 1196 ], "initiation": [ 1199 ], "breeding": [ 1202, 1670, 1709, 1720, 1808, 2952, 3632, 3643, 3673 ], "season": [ 1203, 1710, 1721, 3614 ], "until": [ 1207 ], "just": [ 1208 ], "before": [ 1209, 3939 ], "prebreeding": [ 1210, 1293 ], "next": [ 1214, 1719, 2875 ], "year,": [ 1215 ], "\u03b2": [ 1217 ], "per": [ 1221, 1799, 1825, 1853, 1965, 1989, 2628, 2664, 2713, 2836, 2864, 3665 ], "capita": [ 1222, 1800, 1854, 1966, 2629, 2665, 2714, 2837, 2865, 3666 ], "reproductive": [ 1223, 2924 ], "rate.": [ 1224, 2882 ], "(1988,": [ 1226, 2480 ], "p.": [ 1227, 1510, 2481 ], "655)": [ 1228 ], "$$\\lambda": [ 1235, 1242, 1901, 2427, 2441, 2455, 2463, 2472, 2570, 2736, 2784, 3821, 4089, 4108 ], ">": [ 1236 ], "1$$": [ 1237, 2281, 2572 ], "<": [ 1243 ], "1$$,": [ 1244, 1999, 2017, 2239, 2504, 2516 ], "basing": [ 1246, 3460 ], "solely": [ 1249, 1520, 3316, 3725 ], "within\u2010habitat": [ 1251 ], "birth": [ 1252, 2963, 3575 ], "rates.Although": [ 1255 ], "\u03bb": [ 1261, 1286, 1303 ], "certainly": [ 1263, 2553, 3754 ], "sensible": [ 1264 ], "context": [ 1267, 1420 ], "Pulliam's": [ 1269, 1283, 1349, 1446, 2479 ], "led": [ 1273 ], "confusion": [ 1276 ], "real\u2010world": [ 1278 ], "applications": [ 1279 ], "theory.": [ 1282 ], "definition": [ 1284, 1350, 1491, 2753 ], "assumes": [ 1287, 1317 ], "measured": [ 1291, 1333 ], "predispersal": [ 1295 ], "events": [ 1296 ], "(not": [ 1297 ], "annually),": [ 1298 ], "equivalent": [ 1313 ], "eq.": [ 1315 ], "[1])": [ 1316 ], "equilibrium.": [ 1323, 2546 ], "studies,": [ 1326 ], "rarely,": [ 1330 ], "ever,": [ 1332 ], "appropriate": [ 1336, 4030 ], "span,": [ 1338 ], "assumption": [ 1342, 1536, 2607, 3465, 3749, 3839 ], "unlikely": [ 1344 ], "met.": [ 1347 ], "Additionally,": [ 1348 ], "P's": [ 1353 ], "does": [ 1354, 1564, 1583, 2162, 3646, 3769 ], "during": [ 1358, 1408, 1676, 3611 ], "however,": [ 1362 ], "influence": [ 1364 ], "contribution": [ 1367, 1635, 1913, 1967, 2715, 2838, 2866, 2992, 2997, 3017 ], "dispersers": [ 1369 ], "focal": [ 1372, 1727, 1740, 1915, 1973, 2001, 2019, 2039, 2184, 2193, 2224, 2244, 2417, 3927 ], "growth": [ 1376, 1887, 2630, 2824, 2881 ], "metapopulation.": [ 1379, 2828 ], "extreme,": [ 1382 ], "imagine": [ 1385 ], "equation": [ 1394, 1941, 2109, 2720, 2781, 2797 ], "(3)": [ 1395 ], "contributed": [ 1398 ], "100%": [ 1406 ], "dispersal.": [ 1409 ], "consider": [ 1414, 1911 ], "landscape,": [ 1424 ], "through": [ 1427, 2140, 3526 ], "becomes": [ 1430, 3878 ], "process.Several": [ 1433 ], "theoretical": [ 1434, 1465, 2623, 3972, 4300 ], "works": [ 1435, 1466 ], "presented": [ 1437 ], "like": [ 1445 ], "\u03bb,": [ 1447 ], "do": [ 1448, 3419 ], "Davis": [ 1460, 2094, 4318 ], "Howe": [ 1462, 2096, 4320 ], "1992).": [ 1463 ], "Other": [ 1464 ], "included": [ 1468, 3243 ], "Doncaster": [ 1477 ], "1997)": [ 1480, 4257 ], "part": [ 1487 ], "Diffendorfer": [ 1497, 1524 ], "1998).": [ 1498 ], "Perhaps": [ 1499, 4244 ], "key": [ 1501 ], "issue": [ 1502 ], "lies": [ 1503 ], "sink.": [ 1507, 2032, 2522, 3108, 3154 ], "Holt": [ 1508 ], "(1984,": [ 1509 ], "390)": [ 1511 ], "\"maintained": [ 1519 ], "immigration.\"": [ 1522 ], "However,": [ 1523, 3109, 3481, 3915, 4178 ], "(1998,": [ 1525 ], "pp.": [ 1526 ], "419\u2013420)": [ 1527 ], "stated": [ 1528 ], "\"the": [ 1530 ], "best": [ 1531, 3112 ], "method": [ 1532 ], "testing": [ 1534 ], "concerning": [ 1537 ], "existence": [ 1539, 3301 ], "\u2026": [ 1542, 1544, 1552 ], "[is]": [ 1543 ], "experimentally": [ 1545 ], "eliminating": [ 1546 ], "determining": [ 1549 ], "decline": [ 1553 ], "extinction.\"": [ 1555 ], "approaches": [ 1558 ], "equivalent.": [ 1561 ], "emigration;": [ 1567, 1585, 1932 ], "exports": [ 1571 ], "still": [ 1575, 3232, 3272 ], "supported": [ 1577, 4080 ], "immigration.": [ 1579 ], "second": [ 1581, 1609 ], "approach": [ 1582, 1610, 1630, 3596, 3636 ], "eliminated,": [ 1589 ], "potential": [ 1592, 3129 ], "stay": [ 1595, 3676 ], "contribute": [ 1599, 2336 ], "persistence": [ 1602 ], "Although": [ 1607, 4202 ], "confounds": [ 1611, 2215 ], "emigrant": [ 1612 ], "resident": [ 1614 ], "conceptually": [ 1618 ], "preferable": [ 1619 ], "tallies": [ 1622 ], "losses,": [ 1628 ], "better": [ 1632 ], "offers": [ 1639 ], "metapopulation.The": [ 1642 ], "Contribution": [ 1643 ], "PopulationWe": [ 1647 ], "propose": [ 1648 ], "distinguishing": [ 1652 ], "includes": [ 1657, 1674 ], "both": [ 1658, 1820, 1951, 2761, 3160, 3268, 4179 ], "rates": [ 1662, 2306, 2647 ], "juveniles": [ 1666, 1767, 1824, 1834, 3669, 3716, 3802 ], "cycle": [ 1671 ], "(thus": [ 1672 ], "emigration).": [ 1677 ], "First,": [ 1678, 2982 ], "$$N^{r}_{t}$$": [ 1681 ], "abundance": [ 1685, 1866, 3458, 3497, 3511 ], "r": [ 1688, 1706, 1729, 1870, 1905, 1917, 1993, 2718, 2841 ], "t": [ 1691 ], "$$\\phi": [ 1693, 1745, 1958, 3767, 4291 ], "^{rs}_{a}$$": [ 1694 ], "age": [ 1702, 1809, 2953, 3674 ], "alive": [ 1712 ], "s": [ 1716 ], "($$s\\neq": [ 1722 ], "r$$": [ 1723 ], "indicates": [ 1724, 1736, 3891 ], "movement": [ 1725 ], "s,": [ 1733 ], "$$s=r$$": [ 1735 ], "retention": [ 1737, 1926, 1930, 2141, 2651 ], "r).": [ 1742 ], "^{rr}_{\\mathrm{J}\\,}$$": [ 1746, 3784, 4289 ], "juvenile": [ 1752, 3082, 3709 ], "survives": [ 1753 ], "remains": [ 1755 ], "r,": [ 1758, 2128 ], "known": [ 1762, 2436 ], "\"apparent": [ 1764 ], "survival\"": [ 1765 ], "White": [ 1769 ], "Burnham": [ 1771 ], "1999).": [ 1772, 4201 ], "obtain": [ 1775, 1840, 2469 ], "adult": [ 1779, 1826, 3609, 3727, 3734 ], "survivors": [ 1780 ], "remain": [ 1782 ], "multiplying": [ 1787, 1849 ], "$$N^{r}$$": [ 1788, 1817, 1850, 3544, 3819 ], "($$\\phi": [ 1795, 1835, 1955 ], "^{rr}_{\\mathrm{A}\\,}$$).": [ 1796 ], "Similarly,": [ 1797 ], "recruits": [ 1804 ], "survive": [ 1806, 3671 ], "two\u2010age": [ 1812 ], "multiplied": [ 1818, 2764 ], "($$\\beta": [ 1827, 3577 ], "^{r}$$)": [ 1828, 3578 ], "^{rr}_{\\mathrm{J}\\,}$$).": [ 1836 ], "additionally": [ 1839 ], "immigration": [ 1857, 1928, 1938, 2556, 3793 ], 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