Item talk:Q243960
From geokb
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"name": "The major-ion composition of Cenozoic seawater: the past 36 million years from fluid inclusions in marine halite",
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"name": "American Journal of Science",
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"abstract": "Fluid inclusions from ten Cenozoic (Eocene-Miocene) marine halites are used to quantify the major-ion composition (Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, Na+, SO42\u2212, and Cl\u2212) of seawater over the past 36 My. Criteria used to determine a seawater origin of the halites include: (1) stratigraphic, sedimentologic, and paleontologic observations; (2) Br\u2212 in halite; (3) \u03b434S of sulfate minerals; (4) 87Sr/86Sr of carbonates and sulfates; and (5) fluid inclusion brine compositions and evaporation paths, which must overlap from geographically separated basins of the same age to confirm a \u201cglobal\u201d seawater chemical signal.\n\nChanges in the major-ion chemistry of Cenozoic seawater record the end of a systematic, long term (>150 My) shift from the Ca2+-rich, Mg2+- and SO42\u2212-poor seawater of the Mesozoic (\u201cCaCl2 seas\u201d) to the \u201cMgSO4 seas\u201d (with higher Mg2+ and SO42\u2212>Ca2+) of the Cenozoic. The major ion composition of Cenozoic seawater is calculated for the Eocene-Oligocene (36-34 Ma), Serravallian-Tortonian (13.5-11.8 Ma) and the Messinian (6-5 Ma), assuming chlorinity (565 mmolal), salinity, and the K+ concentration (11 mmolal) are constant and the same as in modern seawater. Fluid inclusions from Cenozoic marine halites show that the concentrations of Mg2+and SO42\u2212 have increased in seawater over the past 36 My and the concentration of Ca2+ has decreased. Mg2+ concentrations increased from 36 mmolal in Eocene-Oligocene seawater (36-34 Ma) to 55 mmolal in modern seawater. The Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio of seawater has risen from \u223c2.3 at the end of the Eocene, to 3.4 and 4.0, respectively, at 13.5 to 11.8 Ma and 6 to 5 Ma, and to 5 in modern seawater.\n\nEocene-Oligocene seawater (36-34 Ma) has estimated ranges of SO42\u2212 = 14\u201323 mmolal and Ca2+ = 11\u201320 mmolal. If the (Ca2+)(SO42\u2212) product is assumed to be the same as in modern seawater (\u223c300 mmolal2), Eocene-Oligocene seawater had Ca2+ \u223c16 mmolal and SO42\u2212 \u223c19 mmolal. The same estimates of Ca2+ and SO42\u2212 for Serravallian-Tortonian seawater (13.5-11.8 Ma) are SO42\u2212 = 19\u201327 mmolal and Ca2+ = 8\u201316 mmolal and SO42\u2212 \u223c24 mmolal and Ca2+ \u223c 13 mmolal if the (Ca2+)(SO42\u2212) product is equal to that in modern seawater. Messinian seawater has an estimated range of SO42\u2212 \u223c21\u201329 mmolal and Ca2+ \u223c7\u201315 mmolal with SO42\u2212 \u223c26 mmolal and Ca2+ \u223c12 mmolal assuming the (Ca2+)(SO42\u2212) product is equal to that in modern seawater. Regardless of the estimation procedure, SO42\u2212 shows progressively increasing concentrations from 36 Ma to the present values, which are the highest of the Cenozoic.",
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