Item talk:Q240175

From geokb

{

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   "@type": "Article",
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   "name": "Population-level plasticity in foraging behavior of western gulls (Larus occidentalis)",
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       "value": "10.1186/s40462-017-0118-9",
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     "name": "Movement Ecology",
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   "datePublished": "2017",
   "dateModified": "2018-02-26",
   "abstract": "BackgroundPlasticity in foraging behavior among individuals, or across populations may reduce competition. As a generalist carnivore, western gulls (Larus occidentalis) consume a wide range of marine and terrestrial foods. However, the foraging patterns and habitat selection (ocean or land) of western gulls is not well understood, despite their ubiquity in coastal California. Here, we used GPS loggers to compare the foraging behavior and habitat use of western gulls breeding at two island colonies in central California.ResultsGulls from offshore Southeast Farallon Island (SFI;\u00a0n\u2009=\u200941 gulls) conducted more oceanic trips (n\u2009=\u200990) of shorter duration (3.8 \u00b1 3.3 SD hours) and distance (27.1 \u00b1 20.3\u00a0km) than trips to the mainland (n\u2009=\u200941) which were nearly 4 times longer and 2 times farther away. In contrast, gulls from coastal A\u00f1o Nuevo Island (ANI;\u00a0n\u2009=\u200920 gulls) foraged at sites on land more frequently (n\u2009=\u2009103) but trip durations (3.6 \u00b1 2.4\u00a0h) and distances (20.8 \u00b1 9.4\u00a0km) did not differ significantly from oceanic trips (n\u2009=\u200942) where trip durations were only slightly shorter (2.9 \u00b1 2.7\u00a0h) and equidistant (20.6 \u00b1 12.1\u00a0km). Gulls from both colonies visited more sites while foraging at sea but spent significantly longer (3\u20135 times) durations at each site visited on land. Foraging at sea was also more random compared to foraging trips over land where gulls from both colonies visited the same sites on multiple trips. The total home range of gulls from SFI (14,230\u00a0km2) was 4.5 times larger than that of gulls from ANI, consistent with greater resource competition resulting from a larger abundance of seabirds at SFI.ConclusionsPopulation-level plasticity in foraging behavior was evident and dependent on habitat type. In addition, gulls from SFI were away foraging longer than gulls from ANI (22% vs. 7.5%, respectively), which impacts the defense of territories and attempts at nest predation by conspecifics. Our results can be used to explain lower chick productivity at SFI, and can provide insight into increased gull activity in urban areas.",
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