Item talk:Q239876

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   "abstract": "We investigated how visitor-use affects water quality in wilderness in Yosemite National Park. During the summers of 2012\u20132014, we collected and analyzed surface-water samples for water-quality indicators, including fecal indicator bacteria\u00a0Escherichia coli, nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon), suspended sediment concentration, pharmaceuticals, and hormones. Samples were collected upstream and downstream from different types of visitor use at weekly to biweekly intervals and during summer storms. We conducted a park-wide synoptic sampling campaign during summer 2014, and sampled upstream and downstream from meadows to evaluate the mitigating effect of meadows on water quality. At pack stock stream crossings,\u00a0Escherichia coli\u00a0concentrations were greater downstream from crossings than upstream (median downstream increase in\u00a0Escherichia coli\u00a0of three colony forming units 100\u2009mL\u22121), with the greatest increases occurring during storms (median downstream increase in\u00a0Escherichia coli\u00a0of 32 CFU 100\u2009mL\u22121). At backpacker use sites, hormones, and pharmaceuticals (e.g., insect repellent) were detected at downstream sites, and\u00a0Escherichia coli\u00a0concentrations were greater at downstream sites (median downstream increase in\u00a0Escherichia coli\u00a0of 1 CFU 100\u2009mL\u22121). Differences in water quality downstream vs. upstream from meadows grazed by pack stock were not detectable for most water-quality indicators, however,\u00a0Escherichia coli\u00a0concentrations decreased downstream, suggesting entrapment and die-off of fecal indicator bacteria in meadows. Our results indicate that under current-use levels pack stock trail use and backpacker use are associated with detectable, but relatively minor, effects on water quality, which are most pronounced during storms.",
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