Item talk:Q233642
From geokb
{
"USGS Publications Warehouse": { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Article", "additionalType": "Journal Article", "name": "Organic geochemical studies of the transformation of gymnospermous xylem during peatification and coalification to subbituminous coal", "identifier": [ { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "USGS Publications Warehouse IndexID", "value": "70015401", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70015401" }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "USGS Publications Warehouse Internal ID", "value": 70015401 }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "DOI", "value": "10.1016/0166-5162(89)90090-6", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-5162(89)90090-6" }, { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ISSN", "value": "01665162" } ], "journal": { "@type": "Periodical", "name": "International Journal of Coal Geology", "volumeNumber": "13", "issueNumber": "1-4" }, "inLanguage": "en", "isPartOf": [ { "@type": "CreativeWorkSeries", "name": "International Journal of Coal Geology" } ], "datePublished": "1989", "dateModified": "2024-02-23", "abstract": "Organic geochemical investigations of peatified and coalified xylem from gymnosperms have provided useful information on the organic transformational processes collectively known as coalification. The combined use of solid-state\u00a013C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and pyrolysis/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (py/gc/ms) has allowed us to examine the organic composition of peatified and coalified xylem on both a bulk (average) compositional basis and on a detailed molecular basis. We conclude from our studies that coalification of gymnospermous xylem involves the following processes:1.(1) early selective removal of cellulosic materials so that lignin, a primary constituent of xylem, is transformed to macromolecular aromatic components in coal;2.(2) modification of gymnospermous lignin by demethylation to form catechol-like structures, and by condensation reactions to induce a high level of cross-linking at an early stage of coalification; and3.(3) dehydroxylation during increasing coalification to subbituminous coal, the resultant xylem becomes more phenolic in character as the catechol-like structures decrease.", "description": "33 p.", "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Elsevier" }, "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "name": "Verheyen, Vincent T.", "givenName": "Vincent T.", "familyName": "Verheyen" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Hatcher, Patrick G.", "givenName": "Patrick G.", "familyName": "Hatcher" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Lerch, H. E. III", "givenName": "H. E.", "familyName": "Lerch" } ] }, "OpenAlex": { "abstract_inverted_index": { "Organic": [ 0 ], "geochemical": [ 1 ], "investigations": [ 2 ], "of": [ 3, 26, 46, 71, 82, 91, 103, 121, 127 ], "peatified": [ 4, 47 ], "and": [ 5, 33, 48, 58, 112, 129 ], "coalified": [ 6, 49 ], "xylem": [ 7, 50, 73, 140 ], "from": [ 8, 66 ], "gymnosperms": [ 9 ], "have": [ 10 ], "provided": [ 11 ], "useful": [ 12 ], "information": [ 13 ], "on": [ 14, 51, 59 ], "the": [ 15, 43, 75, 138, 147 ], "organic": [ 16, 44 ], "transformational": [ 17 ], "processes": [ 18 ], "collectively": [ 19 ], "known": [ 20 ], "as": [ 21, 146 ], "coalification.": [ 22 ], "The": [ 23 ], "combined": [ 24 ], "use": [ 25 ], "solid-state": [ 27 ], "13C": [ 28 ], "nuclear": [ 29 ], "magnetic": [ 30 ], "resonance": [ 31 ], "(NMR)": [ 32 ], "pyrolysis/gas": [ 34 ], "chromatography/mass": [ 35 ], "spectrometry": [ 36 ], "(py/gc/ms)": [ 37 ], "has": [ 38 ], "allowed": [ 39 ], "us": [ 40 ], "to": [ 41, 95, 108, 116, 135 ], "examine": [ 42 ], "composition": [ 45 ], "both": [ 52 ], "a": [ 53, 60, 88, 118 ], "bulk": [ 54 ], "(average)": [ 55 ], "compositional": [ 56 ], "basis": [ 57 ], "detailed": [ 61 ], "molecular": [ 62 ], "basis.": [ 63 ], "We": [ 64 ], "conclude": [ 65 ], "our": [ 67 ], "studies": [ 68 ], "that": [ 69, 86 ], "coalification": [ 70, 134 ], "gymnospermous": [ 72, 104 ], "involves": [ 74 ], "following": [ 76 ], "processes:": [ 77 ], "(1)": [ 78 ], "early": [ 79, 125 ], "selective": [ 80 ], "removal": [ 81 ], "cellulosic": [ 83 ], "materials": [ 84 ], "so": [ 85 ], "lignin,": [ 87 ], "primary": [ 89 ], "constituent": [ 90 ], "xylem,": [ 92 ], "is": [ 93 ], "transformed": [ 94 ], "macromolecular": [ 96 ], "aromatic": [ 97 ], "components": [ 98 ], "in": [ 99, 144 ], "coal;": [ 100 ], "(2)": [ 101 ], "modification": [ 102 ], "lignin": [ 105 ], "by": [ 106, 113 ], "demethylation": [ 107 ], "form": [ 109 ], "catechol-like": [ 110, 148 ], "structures,": [ 111 ], "condensation": [ 114 ], "reactions": [ 115 ], "induce": [ 117 ], "high": [ 119 ], "level": [ 120 ], "cross-linking": [ 122 ], "at": [ 123 ], "an": [ 124 ], "stage": [ 126 ], "coalification;": [ 128 ], "(3)": [ 130 ], "dehydroxylation": [ 131 ], "during": [ 132 ], "increasing": [ 133 ], "subbituminous": [ 136 ], "coal,": [ 137 ], "resultant": [ 139 ], "becomes": [ 141 ], "more": [ 142 ], "phenolic": [ 143 ], "character": [ 145 ], "structures": [ 149 ], "decrease.": [ 150 ] }, "apc_list": { "value": 4270, "currency": "USD", "value_usd": 4270, "provenance": "doaj" }, "apc_paid": null, "authorships": [ { "author_position": "first", "author": { "id": "https://openalex.org/A5069218124", "display_name": "Patrick G. Hatcher", "orcid": null }, "institutions": [ { "id": "https://openalex.org/I1286329397", "display_name": "United States Geological Survey", "ror": "https://ror.org/035a68863", "country_code": "US", "type": "government", "lineage": [ "https://openalex.org/I1286329397", "https://openalex.org/I1335927249" ] } ], "countries": [ "US" ], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Patrick G. Hatcher", "raw_affiliation_strings": [ "U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA 22092, U.S.A." ], "affiliations": [ { "raw_affiliation_string": "U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA 22092, U.S.A.", "institution_ids": [ "https://openalex.org/I1286329397" ] } ] }, { "author_position": "middle", "author": { "id": "https://openalex.org/A5067440621", "display_name": "Harry E. 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