Item talk:Q230284

{

 "@context": "http://schema.org/",
 "@type": "WebPage",
 "additionalType": "Project",
 "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/new-mexico-water-science-center/science/chemical-modeling-consequences-surface-water",
 "headline": "Chemical Modeling of Consequences of Surface-Water Delivery Through Existing City of Albuquerque Infrastructure",
 "datePublished": "March 7, 2007",
 "author": [
   {
     "@type": "Person",
     "name": "Laura M. Bexfield",
     "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/laura-m-bexfield",
     "identifier": {
       "@type": "PropertyValue",
       "propertyID": "orcid",
       "value": "0000-0002-1789-654X"
     }
   }
 ],
 "description": [
   {
     "@type": "TextObject",
     "text": "OBJECTIVES AND SCOPEThe objective of this project is to determine the potential chemical effects of delivering Rio Grande surface water, in some cases blended with ground water from the City of Albuquerque municipal-supply wells, through the existing distribution infrastructure. In particular, the potential for dissolution of precipitates present on surfaces within the distribution system will be studied. The possibility of precipitation of additional minerals by surface water or mixtures of surface water and ground water also will be investigated."
   },
   {
     "@type": "TextObject",
     "text": "Historical data about the chemical compositions of surface water from the Rio Grande and ground water from City municipal-supply wells will be compiled and examined to determine representative water for chemical modeling. Data on the chemical composition of surface water from the Rio Grande during different seasons and flow conditions will be obtained from the USGS National Water Information Systems database. Data on the composition of ground water from City supply wells will be obtained from a City database. The data will be examined for ranges in chemical composition, as well as ranges in saturation indices of selected minerals as calculated by PHREEQC. Representative samples will then be selected for use in geochemical models involving mixing of water and equilibration with mineral precipitates found to be present in the distribution system; models also will be used examine the potential for formation of new precipitates. Expected changes in the chemical characteristics of Rio Grande water during treatment by the City also will be taken into account in determining water for modeling."
   },
   {
     "@type": "TextObject",
     "text": "Dollase, W.A., and Reeder, R.J., 1986, Crystal structure refinement of huntite, CaMg3(CO3)4, with X-ray powder data: American Mineralogist, v. 71, p. 163-166."
   },
   {
     "@type": "TextObject",
     "text": "The City of Albuquerque has historically obtained all of its municipal-supply water from production wells completed in sediment of the Santa Fe Group aquifer system. Like several communities in the Rio Grande Valley and various parts of the arid Southwest, Albuquerque has evaluated the use of surface water as a means to improve sustainability of its municipal water supply. The City currently is in the process of implementing a plan to divert much of its municipal-supply water from the Rio Grande and reduce production from wells starting in 2007. Treated water from the Rio Grande will be delivered to customers mostly through existing infrastructure, sometimes after mixing with ground water."
   },
   {
     "@type": "TextObject",
     "text": "Logan, L.M., 1990, Geochemistry of the Albuquerque municipal area, Albuquerque, New Mexico: Socorro, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Independent study, 234 p."
   },
   {
     "@type": "TextObject",
     "text": "The existing infrastructure used by the City has previously carried only ground water, in some cases for as long as 50 years. Over this period of time, precipitates from ground water have likely accumulated in pipes and on other surfaces of the water-supply system, including residential plumbing and appliances. Because water from the Rio Grande can differ substantially in chemical characteristics from ground water in the Albuquerque area, delivery of surface water or mixtures of surface water and ground water through the existing infrastructure could potentially result in dissolution/dislodging of precipitates that were deposited (and subsequently remained in equilibrium with) ground water. Depending upon the chemical composition of these precipitates, their dissolution could impart unusual color, flavor, and (or) odor to water that is delivered to customers, and could potentially increase the trace-element concentration of delivered water. In addition, dissolution of precipitates (particularly calcium carbonate) could expose large sections of the infrastructure to corrosion. Mixtures of surface and ground water also could potentially cause precipitation of new minerals in the distribution system, reducing efficiency of water delivery. By performing chemical and mineralogical analysis of existing precipitates and modeling their likely behavior with surface water and surface-water/ground-water mixtures, as well as modeling possible precipitation of minerals from new water mixtures, knowledge could be gained to aid in preventing or alleviating potential problems associated with the change in water source."
   },
   {
     "@type": "TextObject",
     "text": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2006, List of drinking-water contaminants and MCLs, information available on the World Wide Web, accessed June 20, 2006 at URL https://www.epa.gov/safewater/mcl.html ."
   },
   {
     "@type": "TextObject",
     "text": "Price, Steve, and Jefferson, F.T., 1996, Corrosion control strategies for changing water supplies in Tucson, Arizona: Journal of the New England Water Works Association, v. 111, no. 3, p. 285-293."
   },
   {
     "@type": "TextObject",
     "text": "Whitworth, Mike, 1996, Hydrogeochemical computer modeling of proposed artificial recharge of the Albuquerque aquifer, in Hawley, J.W., and Whitworth, T.M., eds., Hydrogeology of potential recharge areas for the basin- and valley-fill aquifer systems, and hydrogeochemical modeling of proposed artificial recharge of the upper Santa Fe aquifer, northern Albuquerque Basin: Socorro, New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources Open-File Report 402d, variously paged."
   },
   {
     "@type": "TextObject",
     "text": "Klein, Cornelis, and Hurlbut, Jr., C.S., 1985, Manual of mineralogy: New York, John Wiley & Sons, 596 p."
   },
   {
     "@type": "TextObject",
     "text": "APPROACHThis study will be done in two phases: collection and compilation of mineralogical and chemical data, followed by modeling of geochemical reactions."
   },
   {
     "@type": "TextObject",
     "text": "Judson, Sheldon, and Kauffman, M.E., 1990, Physical geology: New Jersey, Prentice Hall, 534 p."
   },
   {
     "@type": "TextObject",
     "text": "Langmuir, Donald, 1997, Aqueous environmental geochemistry: New Jersey, Prentice Hall, 600 p."
   },
   {
     "@type": "TextObject",
     "text": "Xu, Huifang, Buseck, P.R., and Luo, Gufeng, 1998, HRTEM investigation of microstructures in length-slow chalcedony: American Mineralogist, v. 83, p. 542-545."
   },
   {
     "@type": "TextObject",
     "text": "Phase II:The geochemical modeling package PHREEQC will be used to evaluate the likely results of mixing Rio Grande surface water and City of Albuquerque ground water from various well fields, and of placing these mixtures in contact with mineral precipitates found to be present in the City\u2019s water-distribution system. Specific mineral phases to be included in the modeling will be determined based on minerals expected to precipitate during mixing, as well as on the mineral and chemical analysis of existing precipitates. The availability of water-quality data on redox conditions and minor-element concentrations could limit the mineral phases that can be modeled. The mixtures of surface water and ground water to be used will be based on current knowledge of the likely future operation of the water-supply system. Models will be run using a range of temperatures, redox conditions, and partial pressures of selected gases that can be expected to occur within the distribution system. Results of the modeling will be examined for indications of mineral precipitation during mixing, as well as for the potential that minerals already present within the distribution system will dissolve. Conditions under which precipitation and (or) dissolution is most likely to occur will be evaluated. Also, the general compositions of the resulting water, as well as any new mineral precipitates, will be determined."
   },
   {
     "@type": "TextObject",
     "text": "References:"
   },
   {
     "@type": "TextObject",
     "text": "Jenkins, Ron, 2000, X-ray techniques.Overview, in Meyers, R.A., ed., Encyclopedia of analytical chemistry: Chichester, United Kingdom, Wiley, p. 13269-13288."
   },
   {
     "@type": "TextObject",
     "text": "Kelly, Todd, and Taylor, H.E., 1996, Concentrations and loads of selected trace elements and other constituents in the Rio Grande in the vicinity of Albuquerque, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-126, 45 p."
   },
   {
     "@type": "TextObject",
     "text": "Parkhurst, D.L, and Appelo, C.A.J., 1999, User.s guide to PHREEQC (version 2).A computer program for speciation, batch-reaction, one-dimensional transport, and inverse geochemical calculations: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4259, 312 p."
   },
   {
     "@type": "TextObject",
     "text": "Plummer, L.N., Bexfield, L.M., Anderholm, S.K., Sanford, W.E., and Busenberg, Eurybiades, 2004, Geochemical characterization of ground-water flow in the Santa Fe Group aquifer system, Middle Rio Grande Basin, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4131, 395 p."
   },
   {
     "@type": "TextObject",
     "text": "Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., and Zussman, J., 1962, Rock-forming minerals.Volume 5, non-silicates: New York, John Wiley and Sons, 371 p."
   },
   {
     "@type": "TextObject",
     "text": "Pough, F.H., 1998, Peterson field guide to rocks and minerals: Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 542 p."
   },
   {
     "@type": "TextObject",
     "text": "lbuquerque Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority, 2006, San Juan-Chama Drinking Water Project, information available on the World Wide Web, accessed July 29, 2006 at URL http://www.sjcdrinkingwater.org/index.htm"
   },
   {
     "@type": "TextObject",
     "text": "Phase I:Samples of material precipitated by ground water on surfaces of the existing distribution system will be collected and analyzed for mineralogy and, in some cases, chemical composition. Efforts will be made to compile any existing data of this nature and (or) to obtain previously collected samples from the City. Sample collection/analysis will focus on obtaining information on precipitates in different areas of the City and from different components of the distribution system \u2013 in particular, distribution lines, reservoirs, and residential water heaters."
   },
   {
     "@type": "TextObject",
     "text": "Kraus, E.H., Hunt, W.F, and Ramsdell, L.S., 1951, Mineralogy.An introduction to the study of minerals and crystals: New York, McGraw-Hill, 664 p."
   },
   {
     "@type": "TextObject",
     "text": "Swanson, W.J., Chowdhury, Z.K., and Davis, S.E., 1998, Effect of pH, disinfectant, and corrosion inhibitors on distribution system iron release.the Tucson experience, in American Water Works Association Annual Conference, Dallas, Texas, 1998, Proceedings, v. D: American Water Works Association, p. 657-678."
   },
   {
     "@type": "TextObject",
     "text": "CH2M Hill, 2003b, Albuquerque WTP preliminary design.chemical feed systems: CH2M Hill report to the City of Albuquerque, Technical Memorandum Number 8, August 11, 2003, 24 p."
   },
   {
     "@type": "TextObject",
     "text": "CH2M Hill, 2003a, Water treatment plant preliminary design.process definition: CH2M Hill report to the City of Albuquerque, Technical Memorandum Number 1 Draft, April 1, 2003, 36 p."
   },
   {
     "@type": "TextObject",
     "text": "City of Albuquerque, 2004, Water quality report 2003: City of Albuquerque annual report to customers, April 2004, 4 p."
   },
   {
     "@type": "TextObject",
     "text": "Kingston Technical Software, 2004, Saturation and scaling indices, information available on the World Wide Web, accessed January 14, 2004, at URL http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/NaturalWaters/Frames.htm ."
   },
   {
     "@type": "TextObject",
     "text": "Arbogast, B.F., 1996, Analytical Methods for the Mineral Resource Surveys Program, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-525, 248 p."
   },
   {
     "@type": "TextObject",
     "text": "Wilcox, Ralph, 1997, Concentrations of selected trace elements and other constituents in the Rio Grande and in fish tissue in the vicinity of Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1994 to 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-667, 173 p."
   }
 ],
 "funder": {
   "@type": "Organization",
   "name": "New Mexico Water Science Center",
   "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/new-mexico-water-science-center"
 },
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     "name": "Geology"
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     "name": "Water Quality Data"
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     "name": "Geochemical and Isotopic Studies"
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