Item talk:Q227233

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 "additionalType": "Research",
 "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/programs/biological-threats-and-invasive-species-research-program/science/fish-wildlife-disease-4",
 "headline": "Fish & Wildlife Disease: Avian Disease",
 "datePublished": "September 29, 2022",
 "author": [
   {
     "@type": "Person",
     "name": "M. Camille Hopkins, DVM, MS, PhD, DACVPM",
     "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/m-camille-hopkins",
     "identifier": {
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       "propertyID": "orcid",
       "value": "0000-0003-1465-6038"
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 "description": [
   {
     "@type": "TextObject",
     "text": "Avian malaria is a mosquito-borne bird disease caused by a protozoan parasite (Plasmodium relictum). P. relictum reproduces in avian red blood cells. If the parasite load is sufficiently high, the bird loses red blood cells (anemia). Because red blood cells are critical for moving oxygen about the body, loss of these cells can lead to progressive weakness and, eventually, death. This disease was introduced to Hawaii and native honeycreepers are highly susceptible."
   },
   {
     "@type": "TextObject",
     "text": "Avian influenza viruses occur naturally in wild birds such as ducks, geese, swans, and gulls. These viruses generally do not cause illness in wild birds but they can be highly pathogenic and cause illness and death in poultry and wildlife. Learn more with this geonarrative."
   },
   {
     "@type": "TextObject",
     "text": "Since 2006, we have partnered with agencies around the world to monitor the spread of highly pathogenic (HPAI) avian influenza. In 2014, our scientists detected three HPAI viruses for the first time in wild birds in North America: H5N2, H5N8, and a recombinant H5N1. In response to HPAI detections, our scientists are working closely with the U.S. Department of Agriculture and other Federal and state agency partners."
   },
   {
     "@type": "TextObject",
     "text": "Avian botulism is caused by the soil bacterium, Clostridium botulinum, and causes paralysis and death in birds. Two types of botulism have been found in birds: Type C, which occurs during warmer months across the U.S., and Type E, which is found primarily in the Great Lakes."
   },
   {
     "@type": "TextObject",
     "text": "Climate change has increased temperatures in high-elevation forests, allowing mosquitoes to reach areas that were once malaria-free. A single bite from an infected mosquito can kill and the death rate may exceed 90 percent for some bird species."
   }
 ],
 "funder": {
   "@type": "Organization",
   "name": "Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program",
   "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/programs/biological-threats-and-invasive-species-research-program"
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     "name": "List of Publications"
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     "name": "Energy"
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     "name": "Environmental Health"
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     "@type": "Thing",
     "name": "Ecosystems"
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     "name": "Fish and Wildlife Disease"
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