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= Understanding the effect of salinity tolerance on cyanobacteria associated with a harmful algal bloom in Lake Okeechobee, Florida =
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An overalldecline in cyanobacteria health in salinity treatments greaterthan 18 practical salinity units (psu) was indicated by loss ofcell membrane integrity based on SYTOX\u00ae Green staining,but this loss varied by the kind of cyanobacteria present.Microcystis aeruginosa was tolerant of salinities up to 18 psu;however, higher salinities caused leaking of microcystin fromthe cells. Dolichospermum circinale, another common bloomformerin this system, did not tolerate salinities greater than7.5 psu. Stimulation of mucilage production was observed andis likely a mechanism used by both species to protect organismviability. At 7.5 psu, microcystin increased relative tochlorophyll-a, providing some evidence of biosynthesis whenM. aeruginosa is exposed to this salinity. This study indicatesthat as freshwater cyanobacteria are transported to brackishand marine waters, there will be a loss of membrane integritywhich will lead to the release of cellular microcystin into thesurrounding waterbody. Additional research would be neededto determine the exact effect of salinity on this relationship.", "description": "Report: viii, 32 p.; Data releases", "publisher": {"@type": "Organization", "name": "U.S. Geological Survey"}, "author": [{"@type": "Person", "name": "Riley, James M.", "givenName": "James M.", "familyName": "Riley", "affiliation": [{"@type": "Organization", "name": "U.S. Army Corp. of Engineers"}]}, {"@type": "Person", "name": "Rosen, Barry H. brosen@usgs.gov", "givenName": "Barry H.", "familyName": "Rosen", "email": "brosen@usgs.gov", "identifier": {"@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0002-8016-3939", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8016-3939"}, "affiliation": [{"@type": "Organization", "name": "Wetland and Aquatic Research Center", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/wetland-and-aquatic-research-center"}, {"@type": "Organization", "name": "Southeast Regional Director's Office", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/regions/southeast"}, {"@type": "Organization", "name": "Southwest Regional Director's Office", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/southwest-biological-science-center"}, {"@type": "Organization", "name": "Southeast Ecological Science Center", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/regions/southeast"}]}, {"@type": "Person", "name": "Loftin, Keith A.", "givenName": "Keith A.", "familyName": "Loftin", "identifier": {"@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0001-5291-876X", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5291-876X"}, "affiliation": [{"@type": "Organization", "name": "Kansas Water Science Center", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/kansas-water-science-center"}]}, {"@type": "Person", "name": "Graham, Jennifer L. jlgraham@usgs.gov", "givenName": "Jennifer L.", "familyName": "Graham", "email": "jlgraham@usgs.gov", "identifier": {"@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0002-6420-9335", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6420-9335"}, "affiliation": [{"@type": "Organization", "name": "Kansas Water Science Center", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/kansas-water-science-center"}, {"@type": "Organization", "name": "New York Water Science Center", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/new-york-water-science-center"}]}, {"@type": "Person", "name": "Senegal, Sarena", "givenName": "Sarena", "familyName": "Senegal", "identifier": {"@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0002-4403-7273", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4403-7273"}, "affiliation": [{"@type": "Organization", "name": "Kansas Water Science Center", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/kansas-water-science-center"}]}, {"@type": "Person", "name": "Johnston, Brett D.", "givenName": "Brett D.", "familyName": "Johnston", "identifier": {"@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0003-2991-4976", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2991-4976"}, "affiliation": [{"@type": "Organization", "name": "Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water"}]}, {"@type": "Person", "name": "Stahlhut, Katherine N.", "givenName": "Katherine N.", "familyName": "Stahlhut", "identifier": {"@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "ORCID", "value": "0000-0003-4098-4641", "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4098-4641"}, "affiliation": [{"@type": "Organization", "name": "Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water"}]}], "funder": [{"@type": "Organization", "name": "Southeast Regional Director's Office", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/regions/southeast"}], "spatialCoverage": [{"@type": "Place", "additionalType": "country", "name": "United States", "url": "https://geonames.org/6252001"}, {"@type": "Place", "additionalType": "state", "name": "Florida", "url": "https://geonames.org/4155751"}, {"@type": "Place", "additionalType": "unknown", "name": "Lake Okeechobee", "url": "https://geonames.org/4166833"}, {"@type": "Place", "geo": [{"@type": "GeoShape", "additionalProperty": {"@type": "PropertyValue", "name": "GeoJSON", "value": {"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"type": "Feature", "properties": {}, "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-81.24181, 26.63331], [-80.51727, 26.63331], [-80.51727, 27.33259], [-81.24181, 27.33259], [-81.24181, 26.63331]]]}}]}}}, {"@type": "GeoCoordinates", "latitude": 26.98295, "longitude": -80.87953999999999}]}]}
In an effort to simulate the survival of cyanobacteria as<br />
they are transported from Lake Okeechobee to the estuarine<br />
habitats that receive waters from the lake, a bioassay<br />
encompassing a range of salinities was performed. An overall<br />
decline in cyanobacteria health in salinity treatments greater<br />
than 18 practical salinity units (psu) was indicated by loss of<br />
cell membrane integrity based on SYTOX® Green staining,<br />
but this loss varied by the kind of cyanobacteria present.<br />
Microcystis aeruginosa was tolerant of salinities up to 18 psu;<br />
however, higher salinities caused leaking of microcystin from<br />
the cells. Dolichospermum circinale, another common bloomformer<br />
in this system, did not tolerate salinities greater than<br />
7.5 psu. Stimulation of mucilage production was observed and<br />
is likely a mechanism used by both species to protect organism<br />
viability. At 7.5 psu, microcystin increased relative to<br />
chlorophyll-a, providing some evidence of biosynthesis when<br />
M. aeruginosa is exposed to this salinity. This study indicates<br />
that as freshwater cyanobacteria are transported to brackish<br />
and marine waters, there will be a loss of membrane integrity<br />
which will lead to the release of cellular microcystin into the<br />
surrounding waterbody. Additional research would be needed<br />
to determine the exact effect of salinity on this relationship.
 
== Table of Contents ==
* Acknowledgments
* Abstract
* Introduction
* Methods
* Results
* Discussion
* Summary and Conclusions
* References