Item talk:Q76215

From geokb

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     "name": "Gas and Isotope Geochemistry of 81 Steam Samples from Wells in The Geysers Geothermal Field, Sonoma and Lake Counties, California",
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     "datePublished": "1999",
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     "abstract": "The Geysers geothermal field in northern California,\r\nwith about 2000-MW electrical capacity, is the largest geothermal\r\nfield in the world. Despite its importance as a resource\r\nand as an example of a vapor-dominated reservoir,\r\nvery few complete geochemical analyses of the steam have\r\nbeen published (Allen and Day, 1927; Truesdell and others,\r\n1987). This report presents data from 90 steam, gas, and condensate\r\nsamples from wells in The Geysers geothermal field\r\nin northern California. Samples were collected between 1978\r\nand 1991. Well attributes include sampling date, well name,\r\nlocation, total depth, and the wellhead temperature and pressure\r\nat which the sample was collected. Geochemical characteristics\r\ninclude the steam/gas ratio, composition of noncondensable\r\ngas (relative proportions of CO2, H2S, He, H2,\r\nO2, Ar, N2, CH4, and NH3), and isotopic values for deltaD and\r\ndelta18O of H2O, delta13C of CO2, and delta34S of H2S. The compilation\r\nincludes 81 analyses from 74 different production wells, 9\r\nisotopic analyses of steam condensate pumped into injection\r\nwells, and 5 complete geochemical analyses on gases from\r\nsurface fumaroles and bubbling pools.\r\nMost samples were collected as saturated steam and\r\nplot along the liquid-water/steam boiling curve. Steam-togas\r\nratios are highest in the southeastern part of the geothermal\r\nfield and lowest in the northwest, consistent with other\r\nstudies. Wells in the Northwest Geysers are also enriched in\r\nN2/Ar, CO2 and CH4, deltaD, and delta18O. Well discharges from the\r\nSoutheast Geysers are high in steam/gas and have isotopic\r\ncompositions and N2/Ar ratios consistent with recharge by\r\nlocal meteoric waters. Samples from the Central Geysers\r\nshow characteristics found in both the Southeast and Northwest\r\nGeysers.\r\nGas and steam characteristics of well discharges from\r\nthe Northwest Geysers are consistent with input of components\r\nfrom a high-temperature reservoir containing carbonrich\r\ngases derived from the host Franciscan rocks. Throughout\r\nthe geothermal field, the carbon-isotopic composition of\r\nCO2 is consistent with derivation of carbon from Franciscan\r\nmetasedimentary rocks. NH3 concentrations are high in most\r\nGeysers well fluids, and are 2-3 orders of magnitude greater\r\nthan would be expected in a the gas phase exhibiting homogeneous\r\nequilibrium at normal reservoir temperatures and\r\npressures. Evidently, NH3 is flushed from the Franciscan host\r\nrocks at a rate that exceeds the reaction rate for NH3 breakdown.\r\nMany wells show clear influence by fluids from reinjection\r\nwells where steam condensate has been pumped\r\nback into the geothermal reservoir. Six wells were resampled\r\nover the time period of this study. One of these six wells was\r\nstrongly affected by a nearby injection well. Three of the six\r\nresampled wells showed some signs of decreasing liquid/\r\nsteam within the geothermal reservoir, consistent with 'drying\r\nout' of the reservoir due to steam withdrawal. However,\r\ntwo wells exhibited little change.\r\nAnalyses of gases from five surface manifestations (fumaroles\r\nand bubbling pools) are roughly similar to the deeper\r\ngeothermal samples in both chemical and isotopic composition,\r\nbut are lower in soluble gases that dissolve in groundwater\r\nduring transit toward the surface.",
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