Item talk:Q66110
From geokb
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"name": "Chemistry, mineralogy, and petrology of amphibole in Mount St. Helens 2004-2006 dacite",
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"abstract": "Textural, compositional, and mineralogical data are \nreported and interpreted for a large population of clinoamphibole phenocrysts in 22 samples from the seven successive \ndacite spines erupted at Mount St. Helens between October \n2004 and January 2006. Despite the uniformity in bulk composition of magma erupted since 2004, there is striking textural \nand compositional diversity among amphibole phenocrysts \nand crystal fragments that have grown from, partly dissolved \nin, or been accidentally incorporated in the new dacite. This \nstudy demonstrates that magma erupted throughout the current \ndome-building episode is the end product of small-scale, thorough mixing of multiple generations of crystal-laden magma. \nThe mixed amphibole population provides important clues to \nmagma conditions within the dacite magma reservoir prior to \nascent and, to some extent, the dynamics of mixing and ascent.\nThe predominant amphibole in new dome rock ranges \nfrom moderate- to high-alumina tschermakite and magnesiohastingsite compositions. As substantiated by major- and \ntrace-element geochemistry and barometry calculations, \nthis compositional range of crystals, along with plagioclase, \northopyroxene, and iron-titanium oxide, is likely to have \nprecipitated from dacite magma over a range of pressures and \ntemperatures consistent with experimentally determined phase relations (~900\u00b0C to ~800\u00b0C between 100 MPa and ~350-400 \nMPa or ~4-km and 13.5-15-km depth). Along with traceelement characteristics, textural and compositional data help \nto distinguish some low-alumina magnesiohornblende crystals \nas xenocrysts. The diverse range in composition of amphibole \nin all samples of 2004-6 dacite, and the complex zonation \nobserved in many phenocrysts, suggests a well-mixed source \nmagma with components that are subjected to repeated heating and (or) pressurization within this pressure-temperature \nwindow. Amphibole textural and compositional diversity \nsuggest dynamic conditions in the upper-reservoir zone, which \nhas been tapped steadily during ~2 years of continuous and \nmonotonous eruption. This well-mixed crystal mush is likely \nto have been subjected to repeated injection of hotter magma \ninto cooler crystal-laden magma while simultaneously assimilating earlier generations of dacitic roof material and surrounding gabbroic rock.\nDecompression-related reaction rims around subhedral, \nrounded, resorbed, and fragmented amphibole phenocrysts, \nregardless of composition, indicate that this mixed-crystal \nassemblage was being broken, abraded, and dissolved in \nthe magma as a result of mechanical mixing before and \nduring early stages of ascent from conduit roots extending \ninto a mushy cupola of the shallow reservoir. In the earliest \nlava samples (October 2004), amphiboles with <3-\u03bcm rims \nassociated with a glassier matrix than later samples suggest a \nslightly faster ascent rate consistent with the relatively high \neruptive flux of the earliest phases of dome extrusion. Reaction rim widths of ~5 \u03bcm on amphibole in all subsequently \nextruded lava result from a steady influx and upward transport \nof magma from 3.5-2.5-km to ~1-km depth at rates of ~600 \nto ~1,200 m/day, through a conduit less than 10 m in radius. \nSlower ascent rates inferred from volumetric-flux and matrixcrystallization parameters are explained by a widening of the \nconduit to greater than 60 m radius within 1 km of the surface.",
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