Item talk:Q310222

{

 "USGS Publications Warehouse": {
   "@context": "https://schema.org",
   "@type": "CreativeWork",
   "additionalType": "Organization Series",
   "name": "Guidelines for use of fishes in research",
   "identifier": [
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       "propertyID": "USGS Publications Warehouse IndexID",
       "value": "70125279",
       "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70125279"
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   "inLanguage": "en",
   "datePublished": "2014",
   "dateModified": "2020-01-06",
   "abstract": "The 2004 and 2014 Guidelines were developed to provide a structure that advances appropriate \nattention toward valid experimental designs and procedures with aquatic animals while ensuring \nhumane treatment of the experimental subjects. At a practical level, the Guidelines are intended \nto provide general recommendations on field and laboratory endeavors, such as sampling, \nholding, and handling fishes; to offer information on administrative matters, including \nregulations and permits; and to address typical ethical concerns, such as perceptions of pain or \ndiscomfort experienced by experimental subjects. These Guidelines must be recognized as \nguidelines. They are not intended to provide detailed instructions but rather to alert investigators \nto a broad array of topics and concerns to consider prior to initiating study. At a comprehensive \nlevel, the principles upon which these Guidelines are based are broadly applicable, and many of \nthe described practices and approaches can be adapted to situations involving other aquatic \nanimal species and conditions.\n\nUnderstanding the differences between fishes and other vertebrates, especially mammals, is \ncritically important to conducting scientifically sound research with fishes. Disparities in life \nhistories and mortality rates in fishes versus other vertebrates are critical in designing sustainable \nsampling levels in fish populations. The UFR Committee points out that (1) compared to \nmammalian populations, adult populations of many fish species persist despite very high natural \nmortality rates in juvenile stages by virtue of the fact that most species lay thousands or tens of \nthousands of eggs; (2) because of these mortality patterns, research on fishes, especially field \nresearch or research on early life stages, can involve, and often requires, much larger numbers of \nresearch subjects than does research on mammals; and (3) the animal handling and husbandry \nrequirements for fishes are fundamentally different from those for mammals and other \nvertebrates, in general. Policies, regulations, and recommendations developed for research on \nmammals, birds, reptiles, or even amphibians are frequently inappropriate for research with \nfishes. The Guidelines also address some of the ethical concerns that motivate guidelines used \nfor research with other vertebrates, while being mindful of the unique physiology and general \nnature of fishes.\n\nThe Guidelines were developed for general use by investigators within the United States; \ntherefore, the roles, responsibilities, and informational needs of Institutional Animal Care and \nUse Committees (IACUCs) were given specific attention. All United States institutions that use \nvertebrate animals for research, teaching, research training, and biological testing are required to \ncreate an IACUC to oversee and evaluate all aspects of the institution\u2019s animal care and use \nprogram. Investigators from other nations who read this document may disregard specific \nreferences to U.S. state and federal laws and regulations, as their institutional infrastructure and \nprocesses may differ from those of an internal committee such as IACUCs. The principles described herein, however, are applicable to research on fishes regardless of geographic location. \nInvestigators in other nations may benefit by modifying any of the specific provisions pertaining \nto the United States, thereby adopting guidelines consistent with the laws and regulations of their \nown government. The UFR Committee urges that the Guidelines be endorsed and adopted \n(adapted, where necessary) by those state and federal authorities with regulatory responsibilities \nfor fishes, offices with federal oversight (e.g., National Institutes of Health, Office of Laboratory \nAnimal Welfare; http://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/olaw.htm) as well as by universities and other \ninstitutions and authorities using fishes and aquatic animals within their research and teaching \nprograms.",
   "description": "xiv, 90 p.",
   "publisher": {
     "@type": "Organization",
     "name": "American Fisheries Society"
   },
   "author": [
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       "name": "Bowker, James D.",
       "givenName": "James D.",
       "familyName": "Bowker"
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     {
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       "name": "Bowser, P.R.",
       "givenName": "P.R.",
       "familyName": "Bowser"
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       "name": "MacMillan, J.R.",
       "givenName": "J.R.",
       "familyName": "MacMillan"
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       "name": "Nickum, J.G.",
       "givenName": "J.G.",
       "familyName": "Nickum"
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       "name": "Rose, J. D.",
       "givenName": "J. D.",
       "familyName": "Rose"
     },
     {
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       "name": "Sorenson, P. W.",
       "givenName": "P. W.",
       "familyName": "Sorenson"
     },
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       "name": "Whitledge, G.W.",
       "givenName": "G.W.",
       "familyName": "Whitledge"
     },
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       "name": "Rachlin, J.W.",
       "givenName": "J.W.",
       "familyName": "Rachlin"
     },
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       "name": "Warkentine, B.E.",
       "givenName": "B.E.",
       "familyName": "Warkentine"
     },
     {
       "@type": "Person",
       "name": "Bart, H. L.",
       "givenName": "H. L.",
       "familyName": "Bart"
     },
     {
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       "name": "Jenkins, J. A.",
       "givenName": "J. A.",
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   "funder": [
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       "@type": "Organization",
       "name": "National Wetlands Research Center",
       "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/wetland-and-aquatic-research-center"
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}