Item talk:Q302294
From geokb
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"name": "Radium attenuation and mobilization in stream sediments following oil and gas wastewater disposal in western Pennsylvania",
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"abstract": "Centralized\u00a0waste treatment\u00a0facilities (CWTs) in Pennsylvania discharged\u00a0wastewater\u00a0from conventional and unconventional oil and gas (O&G) wells into surface waters until 2011, when a voluntary request from the Pennsylvania Department of\u00a0Environmental Protection\u00a0(PA DEP) encouraged\u00a0recycling\u00a0rather than treating and discharging unconventional O&G wastewater. To determine the effect of this request on the occurrence of\u00a0radium\u00a0in streams, we sampled sediments at five CWTs that processed conventional O&G wastewater from 2011 to 2017 and compared results to published data. Despite the policy change in 2011 that reduced disposal of unconventional wastes (i.e., Marcellus) to surface water in Pennsylvania, the continued disposal of conventional O&G wastewater led to elevated radium activities in sediments at the point of discharge that were often hundreds of times higher than background. While these elevated activities were also present in downstream sediments (1.5\u00d7 higher than background), the elimination of unconventional O&G wastewater disposal through the CWTs since 2011 decreased radium loading to the stream by approximately 95%.Sequential extractions\u00a0and geochemical modeling using PHREEQC indicate that radium likely co-precipitates with barite or barite-celestite\u00a0solid solutions\u00a0and accumulates in the sediment as treated O&G\u00a0effluent\u00a0enters the stream.\u00a0Adsorption\u00a0of \u201cexchangeable\u201d radium,\u00a0barium, and strontium on hydrous iron and\u00a0manganese oxide\u00a0coatings on fine-grained\u00a0stream sediments\u00a0is an important radium sequestration mechanism further downstream that can decrease the\u00a0cation\u00a0concentrations and potential for radio-barite co-precipitation. Radium downstream of CWTs was more abundant and more available for dissolution and\u00a0desorption\u00a0than radium in upstream sediments.",
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