Item talk:Q270520
From geokb
{
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"name": "Hawai\u2018i and U.S.-Affiliated Pacific Islands",
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"value": "70201873",
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"value": "10.7930/NCA4.2018.CH27",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.7930/NCA4.2018.CH27"
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"inLanguage": "en",
"datePublished": "2018",
"dateModified": "2019-02-01",
"abstract": "The U.S. Pacific Islands are culturally and environmentally diverse, treasured by the 1.9 million people who call them home. Pacific islands are particularly vulnerable to\u00a0climate change\u00a0impacts due to their exposure and isolation, small size, low elevation (in the case of atolls), and concentration of infrastructure and economy along the coasts.A prevalent cause of year-to-year changes in climate patterns around the globe\u00a0and in the Pacific Islands region\u00a0is the\u00a0El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The El Ni\u00f1o and La Ni\u00f1a phases of ENSO can dramatically affect precipitation, air and ocean temperature, sea surface height, storminess, wave size, and trade winds. It is unknown exactly how the timing and intensity of ENSO will continue to change in the coming decades, but recent climate model results suggest a doubling in frequency of both El Ni\u00f1o and La Ni\u00f1a extremes in this century as compared to the 20th century under scenarios with more warming, including the higher scenario (RCP8.5).On islands, all natural sources of freshwater come from rainfall received within their limited land areas. Severe droughts are common, making water shortage one of the most important climate-related risks in the region.\u00a0As temperature continues to rise and cloud cover decreases in some areas, evaporation is expected to increase, causing both reduced water supply and higher water demand. Streamflow in Hawai\u2018i has declined over approximately the past 100 years, consistent with observed decreases in rainfall.The impacts of sea level rise in the Pacific include coastal erosion,\u00a0episodic flooding,\u00a0permanent inundation,\u00a0heightened exposure to marine hazards,\u00a0and saltwater intrusion to surface water and groundwater systems.\u00a0Sea level rise will disproportionately affect the tropical Pacific\u00a0and potentially exceed the global average.Invasive species, landscape change, habitat alteration, and reduced resilience have resulted in extinctions and diminished ecosystem function. Inundation of atolls in the coming decades is projected to impact existing on-island ecosystems.\u00a0Wildlife that relies on coastal habitats will likely also be severely impacted. In Hawai\u02bbi, coral reefs contribute an estimated $477 million to the local economy every year.\u00a0Under projected warming of approximately 0.5\u00b0F per decade, all nearshore coral reefs in the Hawai\u2018i and Pacific Islands region will experience annual bleaching before 2050. An\u00a0ecosystem-based approach to international management of open ocean fisheries in the Pacific that incorporates climate-informed catch limits is expected to produce more realistic future harvest levels and enhance ecosystem resilience.Indigenous communities of the Pacific derive their sense of identity from the islands. Emerging issues for Indigenous communities of the Pacific include the\u00a0resilience\u00a0of marine-managed areas and climate-induced human migration from their traditional lands. The rich body of traditional knowledge is place-based and localized\u00a0and is useful in\u00a0adaptation\u00a0planning because it builds on intergenerational sharing of observations.\u00a0Documenting the kinds of governance structures or decision-making hierarchies created for management of these lands and waters is also important as a learning tool that can be shared with other island communities.Across the region, groups are coming together to minimize damage and disruption from coastal flooding and inundation as well as other climate-related impacts. Social cohesion is already strong in many communities, making it possible to work together to take action. Early intervention can lower economic, environmental, social, and cultural costs and reduce or prevent conflict and displacement from ancestral land and resources.",
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