Item talk:Q253218
From geokb
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"abstract": "Bromus tectorum\u00a0(cheatgrass) has successfully invaded and established throughout the western United States.\u00a0Bromus tectorum\u00a0grows early in the season and this early growth allows\u00a0B. tectorum\u00a0to outcompete native species, which has led to dramatic shifts in ecosystem function and plant community composition after\u00a0B. tectorum\u00a0invades. If the phenology of native species is unable to track changing climate as effectively as\u00a0B. tectorum\u2019s phenology then climate change may facilitate further invasion. To better understand how\u00a0B. tectorum\u00a0phenology will respond to future climate, we tracked the timing of\u00a0B. tectorum\u00a0germination, flowering, and senescence over a decade in three\u00a0in situ\u00a0climate manipulation experiments with treatments that increased temperatures (2\u00b0C and 4\u00b0C above ambient), altered precipitation regimes, or applied a combination of each. Linear mixed-effects models were used to analyze treatment effects on the timing of germination, flowering, senescence, and on the length of the vegetative growing season (time from germination to flowering) in each experiment. Altered precipitation treatments were only applied in early years of the study and neither precipitation treatments nor the treatments\u2019 legacies significantly affected\u00a0B. tectorum\u00a0phenology. The timing of germination did not significantly vary between any warming treatments and their respective ambient plots. However, plots that were warmed had advances in the timing of\u00a0B. tectorum\u00a0flowering and senescence, as well as shorter vegetative growing seasons. The phenological advances caused by warming increased with increasing degrees of experimental warming. The greatest differences between warmed and ambient plots were seen in the length of the vegetative growing season, which was shortened by approximately 12 and 7 days in the +4\u00b0C and +2\u00b0C warming levels, respectively. The effects of experimental warming were small compared to the effects of interannual climate variation, suggesting that interactive controls and the timing of multiple climatic factors are important in determining\u00a0B. tectorum\u00a0phenology. Taken together, these results help elucidate how\u00a0B. tectorum\u00a0phenology may respond to future climate, increasing our predictive capacity for estimating when to time\u00a0B. tectorum\u00a0control efforts and how to more effectively manage this exotic annual grass.",
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