Item talk:Q240275
From geokb
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"name": "Efficacy and residual toxicity of a sodium hydroxide based ballast water treatment system for freshwater bulk freighters",
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"abstract": "The efficacy and residual toxicity of a\u00a0sodium hydroxide\u00a0(NaOH) based\u00a0ballast water\u00a0treatment system (BWTS) were tested aboard the Great Lakes carrier M/V\u00a0American Spiritin 1000\u00a0L mesocosms containing water from the ship's ballast tanks. NaOH was added to elevate the pH to 11.5 or 11.7 for 48\u00a0h, after which pH was reduced to <\u00a09 before discharge by sparging with\u00a0carbon dioxide\u00a0to form sodium\u00a0bicarbonate. In 4 trials, pH\u00a011.7 NaOH BW was highly effective in reducing the densities of organisms relative to\u00a0uptake water\u00a0and met the ballast water discharge standards of the US Coast Guard (USCG), the US Environmental Protection Agency vessel general permit (USEPA VGP) and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) G8 for the classes of regulated organisms: \u2265\u00a050\u00a0\u03bcm, \u2265\u00a010\u00a0\u03bcm to <\u00a050\u00a0\u03bcm and indicator bacteria <\u00a010\u00a0\u03bcm. In addition, densities of heterotrophic bacteria were reduced >\u00a096% in pH\u00a011.7 treated discharge water relative to uptake densities. Seven day whole\u00a0effluent\u00a0toxicity tests\u00a0indicated pH\u00a011.7 NaOH BW met the USEPA VGP daily maximum criteria for residual toxicity. Organism densities in uptake water did not meet the minimum densities for IMO G8 shipboard test validity in 2 of 4 trials for organisms \u2265\u00a010\u00a0\u03bcm to <\u00a050\u00a0\u03bcm or in any trials for the <\u00a010\u00a0\u03bcm size class. The high efficacy and low residual toxicity observed indicates that a NaOH BWTS has great potential for successfully treating large volumes of ballast water released into freshwater systems.",
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