Item talk:Q230669

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   "name": "Role of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in the flow of marine nitrogen into a terrestrial ecosystem",
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   "abstract": "We quantified the amount, spatial distribution, and importance of salmon (Oncorhynchus\u00a0spp.)-derived nitrogen (N) by brown bears (Ursus arctos) on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. We tested and confirmed the hypothesis that the stable isotope signature (\u03b415N) of N in foliage of white spruce (Picea glauca) was inversely proportional to the distance from salmon-spawning streams (r=\u20130.99 and\u00a0P<0.05 in two separate watersheds). Locations of radio-collared brown bears, relative to their distance from a stream, were highly correlated with \u03b415N depletion of foliage across the same gradient (r=\u20130.98 and \u20130.96 and\u00a0P<0.05 in the same two separate watersheds). Mean rates of redistribution of salmon-derived N by adult female brown bears were 37.2\u00b12.9 kg/year per bear (range 23.1\u201356.3), of which 96% (35.7\u00b12.7 kg/year per bear) was excreted in urine, 3% (1.1\u00b10.1 kg/year per bear) was excreted in feces, and <1% (0.3\u00b1 0.1 kg/year per bear) was retained in the body. On an area basis, salmon-N redistribution rates were as high as 5.1\u00b10.7 mg/m2\u00a0per year per bear within 500 m of the stream but dropped off greatly with increasing distance. We estimated that 15.5\u201317.8% of the total N in spruce foliage within 500 m of the stream was derived from salmon. Of that, bears had distributed 83\u201384%. Thus, brown bears can be an important vector of salmon-derived N into riparian ecosystems, but their effects are highly variable spatially and a function of bear density.",
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