Item talk:Q248188
From geokb
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"name": "Aquifer Storage Recovery (ASR) of chlorinated municipal drinking water in a confined aquifer",
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"abstract": "About 1.02\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0106\u00a0m3\u00a0of chlorinated municipal drinking water was injected into a confined aquifer, 94\u2013137\u00a0m below Roseville, California, between December 2005 and April 2006. The water was stored in the aquifer for 438\u00a0days, and 2.64\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0106\u00a0m3\u00a0of water were extracted between July 2007 and February 2008. On the basis of Cl\u2212\u00a0data, 35% of the injected water was recovered and 65% of the injected water and associated disinfection by-products (DBPs) remained in the aquifer at the end of extraction. About 46.3\u00a0kg of total trihalomethanes (TTHM) entered the aquifer with the injected water and 37.6\u00a0kg of TTHM were extracted. As much as 44\u00a0kg of TTHMs remained in the aquifer at the end of extraction because of incomplete recovery of injected water and formation of THMs within the aquifer by reactions with free-chlorine in the injected water. Well-bore velocity log data collected from the Aquifer Storage Recovery (ASR) well show as much as 60% of the injected water entered the aquifer through a 9\u00a0m thick, high-permeability layer within the confined aquifer near the top of the screened interval. Model simulations of ground-water flow near the ASR well indicate that (1) aquifer heterogeneity allowed injected water to move rapidly through the aquifer to nearby monitoring wells, (2) aquifer heterogeneity caused injected water to move further than expected assuming uniform aquifer properties, and (3) physical clogging of high-permeability layers is the probable cause for the observed change in the distribution of borehole flow. Aquifer heterogeneity also enhanced mixing of native anoxic ground water with oxic injected water, promoting removal of THMs primarily through sorption. A 3 to 4-fold reduction in TTHM concentrations was observed in the furthest monitoring well 427\u00a0m downgradient from the ASR well, and similar magnitude reductions were observed in depth-dependent water samples collected from the upper part of the screened interval in the ASR well near the end of the extraction phase. Haloacetic acids (HAAs) were completely sorbed or degraded within 10\u00a0months of injection.",
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