Item talk:Q238338
From geokb
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"name": "Avian malaria in a boreal resident species: long-term temporal variability, and increased prevalence in birds with avian keratin disorder",
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"abstract": "The prevalence of vector-borne parasitic diseases is widely influenced by biological and ecological factors. Environmental conditions such as temperature and precipitation can have a marked effect on haemosporidian parasites (Plasmodium\u00a0spp.) that cause malaria and those that cause other malaria-like diseases in birds. However, there have been few long-term studies monitoring haemosporidian infections in birds in northern latitudes, where weather conditions can be highly variable and the effects of climate change are becoming more pronounced. We used molecular methods to screen more than 2,000 blood samples collected from black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus), a resident passerine bird. Samples were collected over a 10\u00a0year period, mostly during the non-breeding season, at seven sites in Alaska, USA. We tested for associations between\u00a0Plasmodium\u00a0prevalence and local environmental conditions including temperature, precipitation, site, year and season. We also evaluated the relationship between parasite prevalence and individual host factors of age, sex and presence or absence of avian keratin disorder. This disease, which causes accelerated keratin growth in the beak, provided a natural study system in which to test the interaction between disease state and malaria prevalence. Prevalence of\u00a0Plasmodium\u00a0infection varied by year, site, age and individual disease status but there was no support for an effect of sex or seasonal period. Significantly, birds with avian keratin disorder were 2.6\u00a0times more likely to be infected by\u00a0Plasmodium\u00a0than birds without the disorder. Interannual variation in the prevalence of\u00a0Plasmodium\u00a0infection at different sites was positively correlated with summer temperatures at the local but not statewide scale. Sequence analysis of the parasite cytochrome\u00a0b\u00a0gene revealed a single\u00a0Plasmodiumspp. lineage, P43. Our results demonstrate associations between prevalence of avian malaria and a variety of biological and ecological factors. These results also provide important baseline data that will be informative for predicting future changes inPlasmodium\u00a0prevalence in the subarctic.",
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