Item talk:Q238125

From geokb
Revision as of 15:10, 20 August 2024 by Sky (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{ "USGS Publications Warehouse": { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Article", "additionalType": "Journal Article", "name": "Imaging pathways in fractured rock using three-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography", "identifier": [ { "@type": "PropertyValue", "propertyID": "USGS Publications Warehouse IndexID", "value": "70161862", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70161862" },...")
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)

{

 "USGS Publications Warehouse": {
   "@context": "https://schema.org",
   "@type": "Article",
   "additionalType": "Journal Article",
   "name": "Imaging pathways in fractured rock using three-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography",
   "identifier": [
     {
       "@type": "PropertyValue",
       "propertyID": "USGS Publications Warehouse IndexID",
       "value": "70161862",
       "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70161862"
     },
     {
       "@type": "PropertyValue",
       "propertyID": "USGS Publications Warehouse Internal ID",
       "value": 70161862
     },
     {
       "@type": "PropertyValue",
       "propertyID": "DOI",
       "value": "10.1111/gwat.12356",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12356"
     }
   ],
   "journal": {
     "@type": "Periodical",
     "name": "Groundwater",
     "volumeNumber": "54",
     "issueNumber": "2"
   },
   "inLanguage": "en",
   "isPartOf": [
     {
       "@type": "CreativeWorkSeries",
       "name": "Groundwater"
     }
   ],
   "datePublished": "2016",
   "dateModified": "2018-08-07",
   "abstract": "Major challenges exist in delineating bedrock fracture zones because these cause abrupt changes in geological and hydrogeological properties over small distances. Borehole observations cannot sufficiently capture heterogeneity in these systems. Geophysical techniques offer the potential to image properties and processes in between boreholes. We used three-dimensional cross borehole electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) in a 9\u2009m (diameter)\u2009\u00d7\u200915\u2009m well field to capture high-resolution flow and transport processes in a fractured mudstone contaminated by chlorinated solvents, primarily trichloroethylene. Conductive (sodium bromide) and resistive (deionized water) injections were monitored in seven boreholes. Electrode arrays with isolation packers and fluid sampling ports were designed to enable acquisition of ERT measurements during pulsed tracer injections. Fracture zone locations and hydraulic pathways inferred from hydraulic head drawdown data were compared with electrical conductivity distributions from ERT measurements. Static ERT imaging has limited resolution to decipher individual fractures; however, these images showed alternating conductive and resistive zones, consistent with alternating laminated and massive mudstone units at the site. Tracer evolution and migration was clearly revealed in time-lapse ERT images and supported by in situ borehole vertical apparent conductivity profiles collected during the pulsed tracer test. While water samples provided important local information at the extraction borehole, ERT delineated tracer migration over spatial scales capturing the primary hydrogeological heterogeneity controlling flow and transport. The fate of these tracer injections at this scale could not have been quantified using borehole logging and/or borehole sampling methods alone.",
   "description": "16 p.",
   "publisher": {
     "@type": "Organization",
     "name": "National Groundwater Association"
   },
   "author": [
     {
       "@type": "Person",
       "name": "Johnson, Timothy B.",
       "givenName": "Timothy B.",
       "familyName": "Johnson"
     },
     {
       "@type": "Person",
       "name": "Johnson, Carole D. cjohnson@usgs.gov",
       "givenName": "Carole D.",
       "familyName": "Johnson",
       "email": "cjohnson@usgs.gov",
       "identifier": {
         "@type": "PropertyValue",
         "propertyID": "ORCID",
         "value": "0000-0001-6941-1578",
         "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6941-1578"
       },
       "affiliation": [
         {
           "@type": "Organization",
           "name": "WMA - Earth System Processes Division",
           "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources"
         }
       ]
     },
     {
       "@type": "Person",
       "name": "Day-Lewis, Frederick D. daylewis@usgs.gov",
       "givenName": "Frederick D.",
       "familyName": "Day-Lewis",
       "email": "daylewis@usgs.gov",
       "identifier": {
         "@type": "PropertyValue",
         "propertyID": "ORCID",
         "value": "0000-0003-3526-886X",
         "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3526-886X"
       },
       "affiliation": [
         {
           "@type": "Organization",
           "name": "WMA - Earth System Processes Division",
           "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources"
         },
         {
           "@type": "Organization",
           "name": "OGW Branch of Geophysics",
           "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources"
         },
         {
           "@type": "Organization",
           "name": "Office of Ground Water",
           "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources"
         }
       ]
     },
     {
       "@type": "Person",
       "name": "Lacombe, Pierre placombe@usgs.gov",
       "givenName": "Pierre",
       "familyName": "Lacombe",
       "email": "placombe@usgs.gov",
       "identifier": {
         "@type": "PropertyValue",
         "propertyID": "ORCID",
         "value": "0000-0002-9596-7622",
         "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9596-7622"
       },
       "affiliation": [
         {
           "@type": "Organization",
           "name": "New Jersey Water Science Center",
           "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/new-jersey-water-science-center"
         }
       ]
     },
     {
       "@type": "Person",
       "name": "Imbrigiotta, Thomas E. timbrig@usgs.gov",
       "givenName": "Thomas E.",
       "familyName": "Imbrigiotta",
       "email": "timbrig@usgs.gov",
       "identifier": {
         "@type": "PropertyValue",
         "propertyID": "ORCID",
         "value": "0000-0003-1716-4768",
         "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1716-4768"
       },
       "affiliation": [
         {
           "@type": "Organization",
           "name": "New Jersey Water Science Center",
           "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/new-jersey-water-science-center"
         }
       ]
     },
     {
       "@type": "Person",
       "name": "Lane, John W. Jr. jwlane@usgs.gov",
       "givenName": "John W.",
       "familyName": "Lane",
       "email": "jwlane@usgs.gov",
       "affiliation": [
         {
           "@type": "Organization",
           "name": "OGW Branch of Geophysics",
           "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources"
         }
       ]
     },
     {
       "@type": "Person",
       "name": "Robinson, Judith",
       "givenName": "Judith",
       "familyName": "Robinson",
       "affiliation": [
         {
           "@type": "Organization",
           "name": "Rutgers University"
         }
       ]
     },
     {
       "@type": "Person",
       "name": "Slater, Lee",
       "givenName": "Lee",
       "familyName": "Slater",
       "affiliation": [
         {
           "@type": "Organization",
           "name": "Rutgers University"
         }
       ]
     },
     {
       "@type": "Person",
       "name": "Shapiro, Allen M. ashapiro@usgs.gov",
       "givenName": "Allen M.",
       "familyName": "Shapiro",
       "email": "ashapiro@usgs.gov",
       "identifier": {
         "@type": "PropertyValue",
         "propertyID": "ORCID",
         "value": "0000-0002-6425-9607",
         "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6425-9607"
       },
       "affiliation": [
         {
           "@type": "Organization",
           "name": "WMA - Earth System Processes Division",
           "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources"
         },
         {
           "@type": "Organization",
           "name": "National Research Program - Eastern Branch",
           "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/arizona-water-science-center"
         }
       ]
     },
     {
       "@type": "Person",
       "name": "Tiedeman, Claire R. tiedeman@usgs.gov",
       "givenName": "Claire R.",
       "familyName": "Tiedeman",
       "email": "tiedeman@usgs.gov",
       "identifier": {
         "@type": "PropertyValue",
         "propertyID": "ORCID",
         "value": "0000-0002-0128-3685",
         "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0128-3685"
       },
       "affiliation": [
         {
           "@type": "Organization",
           "name": "WMA - Earth System Processes Division",
           "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources"
         },
         {
           "@type": "Organization",
           "name": "National Research Program - Western Branch",
           "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/arizona-water-science-center"
         }
       ]
     },
     {
       "@type": "Person",
       "name": "Ntlargiannis, Dimitrios",
       "givenName": "Dimitrios",
       "familyName": "Ntlargiannis",
       "affiliation": [
         {
           "@type": "Organization",
           "name": "Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey"
         }
       ]
     }
   ],
   "funder": [
     {
       "@type": "Organization",
       "name": "National Research Program - Western Branch",
       "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/arizona-water-science-center"
     },
     {
       "@type": "Organization",
       "name": "Toxic Substances Hydrology Program",
       "url": null
     }
   ],
   "spatialCoverage": [
     {
       "@type": "Place",
       "additionalType": "country",
       "name": "United States",
       "url": "https://geonames.org/4074035"
     },
     {
       "@type": "Place",
       "additionalType": "state",
       "name": "New Jersey"
     },
     {
       "@type": "Place",
       "additionalType": "city",
       "name": "West Trenton",
       "url": "https://geonames.org/4982745"
     },
     {
       "@type": "Place",
       "additionalType": "unknown",
       "name": "Naval Air Warfare Center (NAWC)"
     },
     {
       "@type": "Place",
       "geo": [
         {
           "@type": "GeoShape",
           "additionalProperty": {
             "@type": "PropertyValue",
             "name": "GeoJSON",
             "value": {
               "type": "FeatureCollection",
               "features": [
                 {
                   "type": "Feature",
                   "properties": {},
                   "geometry": {
                     "type": "Polygon",
                     "coordinates": [
                       [
                         [
                           -74.9,
                           40.2
                         ],
                         [
                           -74.9,
                           40.3
                         ],
                         [
                           -74.8,
                           40.3
                         ],
                         [
                           -74.8,
                           40.2
                         ],
                         [
                           -74.9,
                           40.2
                         ]
                       ]
                     ]
                   }
                 }
               ]
             }
           }
         },
         {
           "@type": "GeoCoordinates",
           "latitude": 40.25,
           "longitude": -74.85000000000001
         }
       ]
     }
   ]
 },
 "OpenAlex": {
   "abstract_inverted_index": {
     "Abstract": [
       0
     ],
     "Major": [
       1
     ],
     "challenges": [
       2
     ],
     "exist": [
       3
     ],
     "in": [
       4,
       14,
       28,
       41,
       55,
       72,
       92,
       174,
       181
     ],
     "delineating": [
       5
     ],
     "bedrock": [
       6
     ],
     "fracture": [
       7
     ],
     "zones": [
       8
     ],
     "because": [
       9
     ],
     "these": [
       10,
       29,
       148,
       224
     ],
     "cause": [
       11
     ],
     "abrupt": [
       12
     ],
     "changes": [
       13
     ],
     "geological": [
       15
     ],
     "and": [
       16,
       39,
       69,
       85,
       100,
       119,
       153,
       160,
       169,
       178,
       219
     ],
     "hydrogeological": [
       17,
       215
     ],
     "properties": [
       18,
       38
     ],
     "over": [
       19,
       209
     ],
     "small": [
       20
     ],
     "distances.": [
       21
     ],
     "Borehole": [
       22
     ],
     "observations": [
       23
     ],
     "cannot": [
       24
     ],
     "sufficiently": [
       25
     ],
     "capture": [
       26,
       66
     ],
     "heterogeneity": [
       27,
       216
     ],
     "systems.": [
       30
     ],
     "Geophysical": [
       31
     ],
     "techniques": [
       32
     ],
     "offer": [
       33
     ],
     "the": [
       34,
       165,
       190,
       202,
       213
     ],
     "potential": [
       35
     ],
     "to": [
       36,
       65,
       106,
       143
     ],
     "image": [
       37
     ],
     "processes": [
       40,
       71
     ],
     "between": [
       42
     ],
     "boreholes.": [
       43,
       94
     ],
     "We": [
       44
     ],
     "used": [
       45
     ],
     "three\u2010dimensional": [
       46
     ],
     "cross": [
       47
     ],
     "borehole": [
       48,
       183,
       236,
       239
     ],
     "electrical": [
       49,
       131
     ],
     "resistivity": [
       50
     ],
     "tomography": [
       51
     ],
     "(": [
       52
     ],
     "ERT": [
       53,
       110,
       135,
       138,
       176,
       205
     ],
     ")": [
       54
     ],
     "a": [
       56,
       73
     ],
     "9": [
       57
     ],
     "m": [
       58,
       62
     ],
     "(diameter)": [
       59
     ],
     "\u00d7": [
       60
     ],
     "15": [
       61
     ],
     "well": [
       63
     ],
     "field": [
       64
     ],
     "high\u2010resolution": [
       67
     ],
     "flow": [
       68,
       218
     ],
     "transport": [
       70
     ],
     "fractured": [
       74
     ],
     "mudstone": [
       75,
       162
     ],
     "contaminated": [
       76
     ],
     "by": [
       77,
       180
     ],
     "chlorinated": [
       78
     ],
     "solvents,": [
       79
     ],
     "primarily": [
       80
     ],
     "trichloroethylene.": [
       81
     ],
     "Conductive": [
       82
     ],
     "(sodium": [
       83
     ],
     "bromide)": [
       84
     ],
     "resistive": [
       86,
       154
     ],
     "(deionized": [
       87
     ],
     "water)": [
       88
     ],
     "injections": [
       89,
       226
     ],
     "were": [
       90,
       104,
       128
     ],
     "monitored": [
       91
     ],
     "seven": [
       93
     ],
     "Electrode": [
       95
     ],
     "arrays": [
       96
     ],
     "with": [
       97,
       130,
       157
     ],
     "isolation": [
       98
     ],
     "packers": [
       99
     ],
     "fluid": [
       101
     ],
     "sampling": [
       102,
       240
     ],
     "ports": [
       103
     ],
     "designed": [
       105
     ],
     "enable": [
       107
     ],
     "acquisition": [
       108
     ],
     "of": [
       109,
       223
     ],
     "measurements": [
       111
     ],
     "during": [
       112,
       189
     ],
     "pulsed": [
       113,
       191
     ],
     "tracer": [
       114,
       192,
       207,
       225
     ],
     "injections.": [
       115
     ],
     "Fracture": [
       116
     ],
     "zone": [
       117
     ],
     "locations": [
       118
     ],
     "hydraulic": [
       120,
       124
     ],
     "pathways": [
       121
     ],
     "inferred": [
       122
     ],
     "from": [
       123,
       134
     ],
     "head": [
       125
     ],
     "drawdown": [
       126
     ],
     "data": [
       127
     ],
     "compared": [
       129
     ],
     "conductivity": [
       132,
       186
     ],
     "distributions": [
       133
     ],
     "measurements.": [
       136
     ],
     "Static": [
       137
     ],
     "imaging": [
       139
     ],
     "has": [
       140
     ],
     "limited": [
       141
     ],
     "resolution": [
       142
     ],
     "decipher": [
       144
     ],
     "individual": [
       145
     ],
     "fractures;": [
       146
     ],
     "however,": [
       147
     ],
     "images": [
       149,
       177
     ],
     "showed": [
       150
     ],
     "alternating": [
       151,
       158
     ],
     "conductive": [
       152
     ],
     "zones,": [
       155
     ],
     "consistent": [
       156
     ],
     "laminated": [
       159
     ],
     "massive": [
       161
     ],
     "units": [
       163
     ],
     "at": [
       164,
       201,
       227
     ],
     "site.": [
       166
     ],
     "Tracer": [
       167
     ],
     "evolution": [
       168
     ],
     "migration": [
       170,
       208
     ],
     "was": [
       171
     ],
     "clearly": [
       172
     ],
     "revealed": [
       173
     ],
     "time\u2010lapse": [
       175
     ],
     "supported": [
       179
     ],
     "situ": [
       182
     ],
     "vertical": [
       184
     ],
     "apparent": [
       185
     ],
     "profiles": [
       187
     ],
     "collected": [
       188
     ],
     "test.": [
       193
     ],
     "While": [
       194
     ],
     "water": [
       195
     ],
     "samples": [
       196
     ],
     "provided": [
       197
     ],
     "important": [
       198
     ],
     "local": [
       199
     ],
     "information": [
       200
     ],
     "extraction": [
       203
     ],
     "borehole,": [
       204
     ],
     "delineated": [
       206
     ],
     "spatial": [
       210
     ],
     "scales": [
       211
     ],
     "capturing": [
       212
     ],
     "primary": [
       214
     ],
     "controlling": [
       217
     ],
     "transport.": [
       220
     ],
     "The": [
       221
     ],
     "fate": [
       222
     ],
     "this": [
       228
     ],
     "scale": [
       229
     ],
     "could": [
       230
     ],
     "not": [
       231
     ],
     "have": [
       232
     ],
     "been": [
       233
     ],
     "quantified": [
       234
     ],
     "using": [
       235
     ],
     "logging": [
       237
     ],
     "and/or": [
       238
     ],
     "methods": [
       241
     ],
     "alone.": [
       242
     ]
   },
   "apc_list": null,
   "apc_paid": null,
   "authorships": [
     {
       "author_position": "first",
       "author": {
         "id": "https://openalex.org/A5029155848",
         "display_name": "J. Robinson",
         "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5568-4209"
       },
       "institutions": [],
       "countries": [],
       "is_corresponding": false,
       "raw_author_name": "Judith Robinson",
       "raw_affiliation_strings": [],
       "affiliations": []
     },
     {
       "author_position": "middle",
       "author": {
         "id": "https://openalex.org/A5003060932",
         "display_name": "Lee Slater",
         "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0292-746X"
       },
       "institutions": [
         {
           "id": "https://openalex.org/I102322142",
           "display_name": "Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey",
           "ror": "https://ror.org/05vt9qd57",
           "country_code": "US",
           "type": "education",
           "lineage": [
             "https://openalex.org/I102322142"
           ]
         }
       ],
       "countries": [
         "US"
       ],
       "is_corresponding": false,
       "raw_author_name": "Lee Slater",
       "raw_affiliation_strings": [
         "Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Rutgers University  101 Warren Street, Smith Hall Rm 135 Newark NJ 07102"
       ],
       "affiliations": [
         {
           "raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Rutgers University  101 Warren Street, Smith Hall Rm 135 Newark NJ 07102",
           "institution_ids": [
             "https://openalex.org/I102322142"
           ]
         }
       ]
     },
     {
       "author_position": "middle",
       "author": {
         "id": "https://openalex.org/A5061627667",
         "display_name": "Timothy J. Johnson",
         "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9514-6288"
       },
       "institutions": [
         {
           "id": "https://openalex.org/I142606810",
           "display_name": "Pacific Northwest National Laboratory",
           "ror": "https://ror.org/05h992307",
           "country_code": "US",
           "type": "facility",
           "lineage": [
             "https://openalex.org/I1325736334",
             "https://openalex.org/I1330989302",
             "https://openalex.org/I142606810",
             "https://openalex.org/I39565521"
           ]
         }
       ],
       "countries": [
         "US"
       ],
       "is_corresponding": false,
       "raw_author_name": "Timothy Johnson",
       "raw_affiliation_strings": [
         "Pacific Northwest National Laboratory  Richland WA USA"
       ],
       "affiliations": [
         {
           "raw_affiliation_string": "Pacific Northwest National Laboratory  Richland WA USA",
           "institution_ids": [
             "https://openalex.org/I142606810"
           ]
         }
       ]
     },
     {
       "author_position": "middle",
       "author": {
         "id": "https://openalex.org/A5089182271",
         "display_name": "Allen M. Shapiro",
         "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6425-9607"
       },
       "institutions": [
         {
           "id": "https://openalex.org/I1286329397",
           "display_name": "United States Geological Survey",
           "ror": "https://ror.org/035a68863",
           "country_code": "US",
           "type": "government",
           "lineage": [
             "https://openalex.org/I1286329397",
             "https://openalex.org/I1335927249"
           ]
         }
       ],
       "countries": [
         "US"
       ],
       "is_corresponding": false,
       "raw_author_name": "Allen Shapiro",
       "raw_affiliation_strings": [
         "United States Geological Survey  Reston VA USA"
       ],
       "affiliations": [
         {
           "raw_affiliation_string": "United States Geological Survey  Reston VA USA",
           "institution_ids": [
             "https://openalex.org/I1286329397"
           ]
         }
       ]
     },
     {
       "author_position": "middle",
       "author": {
         "id": "https://openalex.org/A5013777497",
         "display_name": "Claire R. Tiedeman",
         "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0128-3685"
       },
       "institutions": [
         {
           "id": "https://openalex.org/I1286329397",
           "display_name": "United States Geological Survey",
           "ror": "https://ror.org/035a68863",
           "country_code": "US",
           "type": "government",
           "lineage": [
             "https://openalex.org/I1286329397",
             "https://openalex.org/I1335927249"
           ]
         }
       ],
       "countries": [
         "US"
       ],
       "is_corresponding": false,
       "raw_author_name": "Claire Tiedeman",
       "raw_affiliation_strings": [
         "United States Geological Survey  Menlo Park CA USA"
       ],
       "affiliations": [
         {
           "raw_affiliation_string": "United States Geological Survey  Menlo Park CA USA",
           "institution_ids": [
             "https://openalex.org/I1286329397"
           ]
         }
       ]
     },
     {
       "author_position": "middle",
       "author": {
         "id": "https://openalex.org/A5031143096",
         "display_name": "Dimitrios Ntarlagiannis",
         "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5353-372X"
       },
       "institutions": [
         {
           "id": "https://openalex.org/I102322142",
           "display_name": "Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey",
           "ror": "https://ror.org/05vt9qd57",
           "country_code": "US",
           "type": "education",
           "lineage": [
             "https://openalex.org/I102322142"
           ]
         }
       ],
       "countries": [
         "US"
       ],
       "is_corresponding": false,
       "raw_author_name": "Dimitrios Ntarlagiannis",
       "raw_affiliation_strings": [
         "Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Rutgers University  101 Warren Street, Smith Hall Rm 135 Newark NJ 07102"
       ],
       "affiliations": [
         {
           "raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Rutgers University  101 Warren Street, Smith Hall Rm 135 Newark NJ 07102",
           "institution_ids": [
             "https://openalex.org/I102322142"
           ]
         }
       ]
     },
     {
       "author_position": "middle",
       "author": {
         "id": "https://openalex.org/A5041791369",
         "display_name": "Carole D. Johnson",
         "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6941-1578"
       },
       "institutions": [
         {
           "id": "https://openalex.org/I1286329397",
           "display_name": "United States Geological Survey",
           "ror": "https://ror.org/035a68863",
           "country_code": "US",
           "type": "government",
           "lineage": [
             "https://openalex.org/I1286329397",
             "https://openalex.org/I1335927249"
           ]
         }
       ],
       "countries": [
         "US"
       ],
       "is_corresponding": false,
       "raw_author_name": "Carole Johnson",
       "raw_affiliation_strings": [
         "United States Geological Survey  Storrs CT USA"
       ],
       "affiliations": [
         {
           "raw_affiliation_string": "United States Geological Survey  Storrs CT USA",
           "institution_ids": [
             "https://openalex.org/I1286329397"
           ]
         }
       ]
     },
     {
       "author_position": "middle",
       "author": {
         "id": "https://openalex.org/A5089301798",
         "display_name": "F. D. Day\u2010Lewis",
         "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3526-886X"
       },
       "institutions": [
         {
           "id": "https://openalex.org/I1286329397",
           "display_name": "United States Geological Survey",
           "ror": "https://ror.org/035a68863",
           "country_code": "US",
           "type": "government",
           "lineage": [
             "https://openalex.org/I1286329397",
             "https://openalex.org/I1335927249"
           ]
         }
       ],
       "countries": [
         "US"
       ],
       "is_corresponding": false,
       "raw_author_name": "Frederick Day\u2010Lewis",
       "raw_affiliation_strings": [
         "United States Geological Survey  Storrs CT USA"
       ],
       "affiliations": [
         {
           "raw_affiliation_string": "United States Geological Survey  Storrs CT USA",
           "institution_ids": [
             "https://openalex.org/I1286329397"
           ]
         }
       ]
     },
     {
       "author_position": "middle",
       "author": {
         "id": "https://openalex.org/A5091228963",
         "display_name": "Pierre Lacombe",
         "orcid": null
       },
       "institutions": [
         {
           "id": "https://openalex.org/I1286329397",
           "display_name": "United States Geological Survey",
           "ror": "https://ror.org/035a68863",
           "country_code": "US",
           "type": "government",
           "lineage": [
             "https://openalex.org/I1286329397",
             "https://openalex.org/I1335927249"
           ]
         }
       ],
       "countries": [
         "US"
       ],
       "is_corresponding": false,
       "raw_author_name": "Pierre Lacombe",
       "raw_affiliation_strings": [
         "United States Geological Survey  Lawrenceville NJ USA"
       ],
       "affiliations": [
         {
           "raw_affiliation_string": "United States Geological Survey  Lawrenceville NJ USA",
           "institution_ids": [
             "https://openalex.org/I1286329397"
           ]
         }
       ]
     },
     {
       "author_position": "middle",
       "author": {
         "id": "https://openalex.org/A5004139495",
         "display_name": "Thomas E. Imbrigiotta",
         "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1716-4768"
       },
       "institutions": [
         {
           "id": "https://openalex.org/I1286329397",
           "display_name": "United States Geological Survey",
           "ror": "https://ror.org/035a68863",
           "country_code": "US",
           "type": "government",
           "lineage": [
             "https://openalex.org/I1286329397",
             "https://openalex.org/I1335927249"
           ]
         }
       ],
       "countries": [
         "US"
       ],
       "is_corresponding": false,
       "raw_author_name": "Thomas Imbrigiotta",
       "raw_affiliation_strings": [
         "United States Geological Survey  Lawrenceville NJ USA"
       ],
       "affiliations": [
         {
           "raw_affiliation_string": "United States Geological Survey  Lawrenceville NJ USA",
           "institution_ids": [
             "https://openalex.org/I1286329397"
           ]
         }
       ]
     },
     {
       "author_position": "last",
       "author": {
         "id": "https://openalex.org/A5035840338",
         "display_name": "John W. Lane",
         "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-243X"
       },
       "institutions": [
         {
           "id": "https://openalex.org/I1286329397",
           "display_name": "United States Geological Survey",
           "ror": "https://ror.org/035a68863",
           "country_code": "US",
           "type": "government",
           "lineage": [
             "https://openalex.org/I1286329397",
             "https://openalex.org/I1335927249"
           ]
         }
       ],
       "countries": [
         "US"
       ],
       "is_corresponding": false,
       "raw_author_name": "John Lane",
       "raw_affiliation_strings": [
         "United States Geological Survey  Storrs CT USA"
       ],
       "affiliations": [
         {
           "raw_affiliation_string": "United States Geological Survey  Storrs CT USA",
           "institution_ids": [
             "https://openalex.org/I1286329397"
           ]
         }
       ]
     }
   ],
   "best_oa_location": null,
   "biblio": {
     "volume": "54",
     "issue": "2",
     "first_page": "186",
     "last_page": "201"
   },
   "citation_normalized_percentile": {
     "value": 0.894881,
     "is_in_top_1_percent": false,
     "is_in_top_10_percent": false
   },
   "cited_by_api_url": "https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2103731047",
   "cited_by_count": 39,
   "cited_by_percentile_year": {
     "min": 95,
     "max": 96
   },
   "concepts": [
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/C150560799",
       "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502102",
       "display_name": "Borehole",
       "level": 2,
       "score": 0.9440392
     },
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418",
       "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069",
       "display_name": "Geology",
       "level": 0,
       "score": 0.78893435
     },
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/C60591178",
       "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q488986",
       "display_name": "Electrical resistivity tomography",
       "level": 3,
       "score": 0.77346426
     },
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778863792",
       "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16909918",
       "display_name": "TRACER",
       "level": 2,
       "score": 0.7428803
     },
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/C33556824",
       "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179509",
       "display_name": "Hydrogeology",
       "level": 2,
       "score": 0.6557454
     },
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/C137527640",
       "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570309",
       "display_name": "Bedrock",
       "level": 2,
       "score": 0.5609088
     },
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/C171699385",
       "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1753893",
       "display_name": "Saprolite",
       "level": 3,
       "score": 0.43466634
     },
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/C69990965",
       "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65402698",
       "display_name": "Electrical resistivity and conductivity",
       "level": 2,
       "score": 0.42376587
     },
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/C43369102",
       "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2307625",
       "display_name": "Fracture (geology)",
       "level": 2,
       "score": 0.41979405
     },
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/C159390177",
       "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265",
       "display_name": "Soil science",
       "level": 1,
       "score": 0.37155676
     },
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/C8058405",
       "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255",
       "display_name": "Geophysics",
       "level": 1,
       "score": 0.3678702
     },
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/C199289684",
       "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353",
       "display_name": "Mineralogy",
       "level": 1,
       "score": 0.35028985
     },
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/C187320778",
       "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130",
       "display_name": "Geotechnical engineering",
       "level": 1,
       "score": 0.24473387
     },
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/C114793014",
       "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109",
       "display_name": "Geomorphology",
       "level": 1,
       "score": 0.22896245
     },
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/C159750122",
       "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023",
       "display_name": "Soil water",
       "level": 2,
       "score": 0.106134474
     },
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964",
       "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413",
       "display_name": "Physics",
       "level": 0,
       "score": 0.0
     },
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/C119599485",
       "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035",
       "display_name": "Electrical engineering",
       "level": 1,
       "score": 0.0
     },
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/C185544564",
       "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197",
       "display_name": "Nuclear physics",
       "level": 1,
       "score": 0.0
     },
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603",
       "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023",
       "display_name": "Engineering",
       "level": 0,
       "score": 0.0
     }
   ],
   "corresponding_author_ids": [],
   "corresponding_institution_ids": [],
   "countries_distinct_count": 1,
   "counts_by_year": [
     {
       "year": 2024,
       "cited_by_count": 3
     },
     {
       "year": 2023,
       "cited_by_count": 5
     },
     {
       "year": 2022,
       "cited_by_count": 8
     },
     {
       "year": 2021,
       "cited_by_count": 7
     },
     {
       "year": 2020,
       "cited_by_count": 4
     },
     {
       "year": 2019,
       "cited_by_count": 4
     },
     {
       "year": 2018,
       "cited_by_count": 4
     },
     {
       "year": 2017,
       "cited_by_count": 3
     },
     {
       "year": 2016,
       "cited_by_count": 1
     }
   ],
   "created_date": "2016-06-24",
   "datasets": [],
   "display_name": "Imaging Pathways in Fractured Rock Using Three\u2010Dimensional Electrical Resistivity Tomography",
   "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12356",
   "fulltext_origin": "ngrams",
   "fwci": 1.679,
   "grants": [
     {
       "funder": "https://openalex.org/F4320306078",
       "funder_display_name": "U.S. Department of Defense",
       "award_id": null
     }
   ],
   "has_fulltext": true,
   "id": "https://openalex.org/W2103731047",
   "ids": {
     "openalex": "https://openalex.org/W2103731047",
     "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12356",
     "mag": "2103731047",
     "pmid": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26172032"
   },
   "indexed_in": [
     "crossref",
     "pubmed"
   ],
   "institutions_distinct_count": 3,
   "is_paratext": false,
   "is_retracted": false,
   "keywords": [
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/tracer",
       "display_name": "TRACER",
       "score": 0.7428803
     },
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-resistivity-tomography",
       "display_name": "Electrical Resistivity Tomography",
       "score": 0.606632
     },
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/bedrock",
       "display_name": "Bedrock",
       "score": 0.5609088
     },
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetotelluric-imaging",
       "display_name": "Magnetotelluric Imaging",
       "score": 0.504717
     },
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/saprolite",
       "display_name": "Saprolite",
       "score": 0.43466634
     }
   ],
   "language": "en",
   "locations": [
     {
       "is_oa": false,
       "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12356",
       "pdf_url": null,
       "source": {
         "id": "https://openalex.org/S53579087",
         "display_name": "Ground Water",
         "issn_l": "0017-467X",
         "issn": [
           "0017-467X",
           "1745-6584"
         ],
         "is_oa": false,
         "is_in_doaj": false,
         "is_core": true,
         "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310320595",
         "host_organization_name": "Wiley",
         "host_organization_lineage": [
           "https://openalex.org/P4310320595"
         ],
         "host_organization_lineage_names": [
           "Wiley"
         ],
         "type": "journal"
       },
       "license": null,
       "license_id": null,
       "version": null,
       "is_accepted": false,
       "is_published": false
     },
     {
       "is_oa": false,
       "landing_page_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26172032",
       "pdf_url": null,
       "source": {
         "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
         "display_name": "PubMed",
         "issn_l": null,
         "issn": null,
         "is_oa": false,
         "is_in_doaj": false,
         "is_core": false,
         "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I1299303238",
         "host_organization_name": "National Institutes of Health",
         "host_organization_lineage": [
           "https://openalex.org/I1299303238"
         ],
         "host_organization_lineage_names": [
           "National Institutes of Health"
         ],
         "type": "repository"
       },
       "license": null,
       "license_id": null,
       "version": null,
       "is_accepted": false,
       "is_published": false
     }
   ],
   "locations_count": 2,
   "mesh": [
     {
       "descriptor_ui": "D017097",
       "descriptor_name": "Electric Impedance",
       "qualifier_ui": "",
       "qualifier_name": null,
       "is_major_topic": true
     },
     {
       "descriptor_ui": "D004784",
       "descriptor_name": "Environmental Monitoring",
       "qualifier_ui": "Q000379",
       "qualifier_name": "methods",
       "is_major_topic": true
     },
     {
       "descriptor_ui": "D060587",
       "descriptor_name": "Groundwater",
       "qualifier_ui": "Q000032",
       "qualifier_name": "analysis",
       "is_major_topic": true
     },
     {
       "descriptor_ui": "D014054",
       "descriptor_name": "Tomography",
       "qualifier_ui": "Q000379",
       "qualifier_name": "methods",
       "is_major_topic": true
     },
     {
       "descriptor_ui": "D014874",
       "descriptor_name": "Water Pollutants, Chemical",
       "qualifier_ui": "Q000032",
       "qualifier_name": "analysis",
       "is_major_topic": true
     },
     {
       "descriptor_ui": "D004784",
       "descriptor_name": "Environmental Monitoring",
       "qualifier_ui": "",
       "qualifier_name": null,
       "is_major_topic": false
     },
     {
       "descriptor_ui": "D004784",
       "descriptor_name": "Environmental Monitoring",
       "qualifier_ui": "Q000295",
       "qualifier_name": "instrumentation",
       "is_major_topic": false
     },
     {
       "descriptor_ui": "D060587",
       "descriptor_name": "Groundwater",
       "qualifier_ui": "",
       "qualifier_name": null,
       "is_major_topic": false
     },
     {
       "descriptor_ui": "D014054",
       "descriptor_name": "Tomography",
       "qualifier_ui": "",
       "qualifier_name": null,
       "is_major_topic": false
     },
     {
       "descriptor_ui": "D014054",
       "descriptor_name": "Tomography",
       "qualifier_ui": "Q000295",
       "qualifier_name": "instrumentation",
       "is_major_topic": false
     },
     {
       "descriptor_ui": "D014241",
       "descriptor_name": "Trichloroethylene",
       "qualifier_ui": "",
       "qualifier_name": null,
       "is_major_topic": false
     },
     {
       "descriptor_ui": "D014241",
       "descriptor_name": "Trichloroethylene",
       "qualifier_ui": "Q000032",
       "qualifier_name": "analysis",
       "is_major_topic": false
     },
     {
       "descriptor_ui": "D014872",
       "descriptor_name": "Water Movements",
       "qualifier_ui": "",
       "qualifier_name": null,
       "is_major_topic": false
     },
     {
       "descriptor_ui": "D014874",
       "descriptor_name": "Water Pollutants, Chemical",
       "qualifier_ui": "",
       "qualifier_name": null,
       "is_major_topic": false
     }
   ],
   "ngrams_url": "https://api.openalex.org/works/W2103731047/ngrams",
   "open_access": {
     "is_oa": false,
     "oa_status": "closed",
     "oa_url": null,
     "any_repository_has_fulltext": false
   },
   "primary_location": {
     "is_oa": false,
     "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12356",
     "pdf_url": null,
     "source": {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/S53579087",
       "display_name": "Ground Water",
       "issn_l": "0017-467X",
       "issn": [
         "0017-467X",
         "1745-6584"
       ],
       "is_oa": false,
       "is_in_doaj": false,
       "is_core": true,
       "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310320595",
       "host_organization_name": "Wiley",
       "host_organization_lineage": [
         "https://openalex.org/P4310320595"
       ],
       "host_organization_lineage_names": [
         "Wiley"
       ],
       "type": "journal"
     },
     "license": null,
     "license_id": null,
     "version": null,
     "is_accepted": false,
     "is_published": false
   },
   "primary_topic": {
     "id": "https://openalex.org/T10572",
     "display_name": "Geophysical Exploration and Monitoring Techniques",
     "score": 0.9999,
     "subfield": {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1908",
       "display_name": "Geophysics"
     },
     "field": {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/19",
       "display_name": "Earth and Planetary Sciences"
     },
     "domain": {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3",
       "display_name": "Physical Sciences"
     }
   },
   "publication_date": "2015-07-14",
   "publication_year": 2015,
   "referenced_works": [
     "https://openalex.org/W1488813906",
     "https://openalex.org/W1539050744",
     "https://openalex.org/W1542534929",
     "https://openalex.org/W1548109459",
     "https://openalex.org/W1570162606",
     "https://openalex.org/W1613656081",
     "https://openalex.org/W1659987100",
     "https://openalex.org/W1688383833",
     "https://openalex.org/W184755470",
     "https://openalex.org/W1883031799",
     "https://openalex.org/W1967675896",
     "https://openalex.org/W1967727028",
     "https://openalex.org/W1975478070",
     "https://openalex.org/W1977227748",
     "https://openalex.org/W1988855638",
     "https://openalex.org/W1991255421",
     "https://openalex.org/W2003361868",
     "https://openalex.org/W2008981917",
     "https://openalex.org/W2016043866",
     "https://openalex.org/W2021174356",
     "https://openalex.org/W2025410989",
     "https://openalex.org/W2029553833",
     "https://openalex.org/W2031945933",
     "https://openalex.org/W2046249551",
     "https://openalex.org/W2048336177",
     "https://openalex.org/W2055635525",
     "https://openalex.org/W2059374926",
     "https://openalex.org/W2072934742",
     "https://openalex.org/W2077710887",
     "https://openalex.org/W2082104806",
     "https://openalex.org/W2086876882",
     "https://openalex.org/W2093404759",
     "https://openalex.org/W2100100082",
     "https://openalex.org/W2113774823",
     "https://openalex.org/W2113809701",
     "https://openalex.org/W2120366465",
     "https://openalex.org/W2120863275",
     "https://openalex.org/W2121817220",
     "https://openalex.org/W2130801859",
     "https://openalex.org/W2134465357",
     "https://openalex.org/W2139554342",
     "https://openalex.org/W2143487985",
     "https://openalex.org/W2146801751",
     "https://openalex.org/W2149416883",
     "https://openalex.org/W2152274568",
     "https://openalex.org/W2152538634",
     "https://openalex.org/W2153786365",
     "https://openalex.org/W2158989325",
     "https://openalex.org/W2161817707",
     "https://openalex.org/W2162185865",
     "https://openalex.org/W2163255160",
     "https://openalex.org/W2163568157",
     "https://openalex.org/W4247531892",
     "https://openalex.org/W4251406047",
     "https://openalex.org/W4300464847"
   ],
   "referenced_works_count": 55,
   "related_works": [
     "https://openalex.org/W3124657147",
     "https://openalex.org/W3013823983",
     "https://openalex.org/W2888580130",
     "https://openalex.org/W2783326825",
     "https://openalex.org/W2511958470",
     "https://openalex.org/W2101130163",
     "https://openalex.org/W2073450318",
     "https://openalex.org/W2072696022",
     "https://openalex.org/W1980801769",
     "https://openalex.org/W1595211688"
   ],
   "sustainable_development_goals": [],
   "title": "Imaging Pathways in Fractured Rock Using Three\u2010Dimensional Electrical Resistivity Tomography",
   "topics": [
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/T10572",
       "display_name": "Geophysical Exploration and Monitoring Techniques",
       "score": 0.9999,
       "subfield": {
         "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1908",
         "display_name": "Geophysics"
       },
       "field": {
         "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/19",
         "display_name": "Earth and Planetary Sciences"
       },
       "domain": {
         "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3",
         "display_name": "Physical Sciences"
       }
     },
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/T11609",
       "display_name": "Applications of Ground-Penetrating Radar in Geoscience and Engineering",
       "score": 0.9996,
       "subfield": {
         "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2212",
         "display_name": "Ocean Engineering"
       },
       "field": {
         "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22",
         "display_name": "Engineering"
       },
       "domain": {
         "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3",
         "display_name": "Physical Sciences"
       }
     },
     {
       "id": "https://openalex.org/T10271",
       "display_name": "Seismic Waveform Inversion in Geophysics",
       "score": 0.9982,
       "subfield": {
         "id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1908",
         "display_name": "Geophysics"
       },
       "field": {
         "id": "https://openalex.org/fields/19",
         "display_name": "Earth and Planetary Sciences"
       },
       "domain": {
         "id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3",
         "display_name": "Physical Sciences"
       }
     }
   ],
   "type": "article",
   "type_crossref": "journal-article",
   "updated_date": "2024-08-13T17:08:48.386348",
   "versions": []
 }

}