Item talk:Q74039

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     "name": "Biological Soil Crusts: Webs of Life in the Desert",
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     "abstract": "Although the soil surface may look like dirt to you, it is full of living organisms that are a vital part of desert ecosystems.  This veneer of life is called a biological soil  crust. These crusts are found throughout the world, from hot deserts to polar regions. Crusts generally cover all soil spaces not occupied by green plants. In many areas, they comprise over 70% of the living ground cover and are key in reducing erosion, increasing water retention, and increasing soil fertility. In most dry regions, these crusts are dominated by cyanobacteria (previously called blue-green algae), which are one of the oldest known life forms. Communities of soil crusts also include lichens, mosses, microfungi, bacteria, and green algae.\n\nThese living organisms and their by-products create a continuous crust on the soil surface. The general color, surface appearance, and amount of coverage of these crusts vary depending on climate and disturbance patterns.\n\nImmature crusts are generally flat and the color of the soil, which makes them difficult to distinguish from bare ground. Mature crusts, in contrast, are usually bumpy and dark-colored due to the presence of lichens, mosses, and  high densities of cyanobacteria and other organisms.",
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