Item talk:Q299960

{

 "USGS Publications Warehouse": {
   "@context": "https://schema.org",
   "@type": "CreativeWork",
   "additionalType": "Book Chapter",
   "name": "Ocean floor manganese deposits",
   "identifier": [
     {
       "@type": "PropertyValue",
       "propertyID": "USGS Publications Warehouse IndexID",
       "value": "70216879",
       "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70216879"
     },
     {
       "@type": "PropertyValue",
       "propertyID": "USGS Publications Warehouse Internal ID",
       "value": 70216879
     },
     {
       "@type": "PropertyValue",
       "propertyID": "DOI",
       "value": "10.1016/B978-0-08-102908-4.00030-8",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102908-4.00030-8"
     }
   ],
   "inLanguage": "en",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "dateModified": "2020-12-11",
   "abstract": "Much of the dissolved Mn delivered to the oceans is slowly oxidized and precipitated alongside varying amounts of Fe into Mn and\u00a0ferromanganese\u00a0(FeMn) mineral deposits that occur extensively in the deep ocean wherever sediment accumulation is low and substrate is available. FeMn crusts grow as pavements on rock outcrops throughout the global ocean whereas nodules form as individual FeMn-encrusted particles on the sediment-covered\u00a0abyssal plains. Both crusts and nodules are composed predominantly of Fe and Mn\u00a0oxide minerals\u00a0that precipitate from\u00a0seawater\u00a0and for some nodules also from\u00a0porewaters\u00a0of\u00a0deep-sea sediment. In contrast, hydrothermal oxide deposits consist predominantly of Mn or Fe oxide. FeMn crusts and nodules exhibit very high\u00a0specific surface areas\u00a0that allow them to scavenge abundant metals and other elements, recording the history of the source waters. Crusts especially serve as an important record of paleoceanographic conditions over the past 70\u00a0+ million years. Critical metals essential to many computer, military, and green technologies are enriched in crust and nodule deposits to concentrations high enough to compare with, or exceed, typical\u00a0terrestrial deposits, and they can be considered as potential resources for mining in the near future. Twenty-three contracts pertaining to exploration for nodules and crusts have been signed with the International Seabed Authority, and resource/reserve, baseline, and\u00a0environmental impact assessments\u00a0are underway. Many challenges remain to be addressed before full-scale mining of marine FeMn deposits will occur. However, their unique genesis and the growing worldwide need for rare and critical metals keep these deep-ocean deposits relevant to industry, scientists, and governments.",
   "description": "9 p.",
   "publisher": {
     "@type": "Organization",
     "name": "Elsevier"
   },
   "author": [
     {
       "@type": "Person",
       "name": "Mizell, Kira kmizell@usgs.gov",
       "givenName": "Kira",
       "familyName": "Mizell",
       "email": "kmizell@usgs.gov",
       "identifier": {
         "@type": "PropertyValue",
         "propertyID": "ORCID",
         "value": "0000-0002-5066-787X",
         "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5066-787X"
       },
       "affiliation": [
         {
           "@type": "Organization",
           "name": "Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center",
           "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/pacific-coastal-and-marine-science-center"
         }
       ]
     },
     {
       "@type": "Person",
       "name": "Hein, James R. jhein@usgs.gov",
       "givenName": "James R.",
       "familyName": "Hein",
       "email": "jhein@usgs.gov",
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         "value": "0000-0002-5321-899X",
         "url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X"
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       "affiliation": [
         {
           "@type": "Organization",
           "name": "Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center",
           "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/pacific-coastal-and-marine-science-center"
         }
       ]
     }
   ],
   "funder": [
     {
       "@type": "Organization",
       "name": "Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center",
       "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/pacific-coastal-and-marine-science-center"
     }
   ]
 }

}