{
"USGS Publications Warehouse": {
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "CreativeWork",
"additionalType": "USGS Numbered Series",
"name": "Biological Soil Crusts: Webs of Life in the Desert",
"identifier": [
{
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "USGS Publications Warehouse IndexID",
"value": "fs06501",
"url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/fs06501"
},
{
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "USGS Publications Warehouse Internal ID",
"value": 50062
},
{
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "DOI",
"value": "10.3133/fs06501",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.3133/fs06501"
}
],
"inLanguage": "en",
"isPartOf": [
{
"@type": "CreativeWorkSeries",
"name": "Fact Sheet"
}
],
"datePublished": "2001",
"dateModified": "2013-03-26",
"abstract": "Although the soil surface may look like dirt to you, it is full of living organisms that are a vital part of desert ecosystems. This veneer of life is called a biological soil crust. These crusts are found throughout the world, from hot deserts to polar regions. Crusts generally cover all soil spaces not occupied by green plants. In many areas, they comprise over 70% of the living ground cover and are key in reducing erosion, increasing water retention, and increasing soil fertility. In most dry regions, these crusts are dominated by cyanobacteria (previously called blue-green algae), which are one of the oldest known life forms. Communities of soil crusts also include lichens, mosses, microfungi, bacteria, and green algae.\n\nThese living organisms and their by-products create a continuous crust on the soil surface. The general color, surface appearance, and amount of coverage of these crusts vary depending on climate and disturbance patterns.\n\nImmature crusts are generally flat and the color of the soil, which makes them difficult to distinguish from bare ground. Mature crusts, in contrast, are usually bumpy and dark-colored due to the presence of lichens, mosses, and high densities of cyanobacteria and other organisms.",
"description": "2 p.",
"publisher": {
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Geological Survey (U.S.)"
},
"author": [
{
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Belnap, Jayne jayne_belnap@usgs.gov",
"givenName": "Jayne",
"familyName": "Belnap",
"email": "jayne_belnap@usgs.gov",
"identifier": {
"@type": "PropertyValue",
"propertyID": "ORCID",
"value": "0000-0001-7471-2279",
"url": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279"
},
"affiliation": [
{
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Southwest Biological Science Center",
"url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/southwest-biological-science-center"
}
]
}
],
"funder": [
{
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center",
"url": "https://www.usgs.gov/centers/forest-and-rangeland-ecosystem-science-center"
}
]
}
},
"OpenAlex": {
"abstract_inverted_index": {
"What": [
0
],
"and": [
1,
72,
81,
116,
121,
136,
147,
154,
175,
184,
189
],
"Where": [
2
],
"Are": [
3
],
"Biological": [
4
],
"Soil": [
5
],
"Crusts?Although": [
6
],
"the": [
7,
43,
68,
102,
129,
155,
158,
179
],
"soil": [
8,
37,
54,
83,
108,
130
],
"surface": [
9,
134
],
"may": [
10
],
"look": [
11
],
"like": [
12
],
"dirt": [
13
],
"to": [
14,
48,
164,
178
],
"you,": [
15
],
"it": [
16
],
"is": [
17,
33
],
"full": [
18
],
"of": [
19,
27,
31,
67,
101,
107,
138,
140,
157,
181,
187
],
"living": [
20,
69,
119
],
"organisms": [
21,
120
],
"that": [
22
],
"are": [
23,
40,
73,
90,
99,
151,
172
],
"a": [
24,
35,
125
],
"vital": [
25
],
"part": [
26
],
"desert": [
28
],
"ecosystems.This": [
29
],
"veneer": [
30
],
"life": [
32,
105
],
"called": [
34,
95
],
"biological": [
36
],
"crust.These": [
38
],
"crusts": [
39,
89,
109,
142,
150
],
"found": [
41
],
"throughout": [
42
],
"world,": [
44
],
"from": [
45,
166
],
"hot": [
46
],
"deserts": [
47
],
"polar": [
49
],
"regions.Crusts": [
50
],
"generally": [
51,
152
],
"cover": [
52,
71
],
"all": [
53
],
"spaces": [
55
],
"not": [
56
],
"occupied": [
57
],
"by": [
58,
92
],
"green": [
59,
117
],
"plants.In": [
60
],
"many": [
61
],
"areas,": [
62
],
"they": [
63
],
"comprise": [
64
],
"over": [
65
],
"70%": [
66
],
"ground": [
70
],
"key": [
74
],
"in": [
75,
170
],
"reducing": [
76
],
"erosion,": [
77
],
"increasing": [
78,
82
],
"water": [
79
],
"retention,": [
80
],
"fertility.In": [
84
],
"most": [
85
],
"dry": [
86
],
"regions,": [
87
],
"these": [
88,
141
],
"dominated": [
91
],
"cyanobacteria": [
93,
188
],
"(previously": [
94
],
"blue-green": [
96
],
"algae),": [
97
],
"which": [
98,
160
],
"one": [
100
],
"oldest": [
103
],
"known": [
104
],
"forms.Communities": [
106
],
"also": [
110
],
"include": [
111
],
"lichens,": [
112,
182
],
"mosses,": [
113,
183
],
"microfungi,": [
114
],
"bacteria,": [
115
],
"algae.These": [
118
],
"their": [
122
],
"by-products": [
123
],
"create": [
124
],
"continuous": [
126
],
"crust": [
127
],
"on": [
128,
145
],
"surface.The": [
131
],
"general": [
132
],
"color,": [
133
],
"appearance,": [
135
],
"amount": [
137
],
"coverage": [
139
],
"vary": [
143
],
"depending": [
144
],
"climate": [
146
],
"disturbance": [
148
],
"patterns.Immature": [
149
],
"flat": [
153
],
"color": [
156
],
"soil,": [
159
],
"makes": [
161
],
"them": [
162
],
"difficult": [
163
],
"distinguish": [
165
],
"bare": [
167
],
"ground.Mature": [
168
],
"crusts,": [
169
],
"contrast,": [
171
],
"usually": [
173
],
"bumpy": [
174
],
"dark-colored": [
176
],
"due": [
177
],
"presence": [
180
],
"high": [
185
],
"densities": [
186
],
"other": [
190
],
"organisms.": [
191
]
},
"apc_list": null,
"apc_paid": null,
"authorships": [
{
"author_position": "first",
"author": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5025692624",
"display_name": "Jayne Belnap",
"orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279"
},
"institutions": [],
"countries": [],
"is_corresponding": true,
"raw_author_name": "Jayne Belnap",
"raw_affiliation_strings": [
"Department of the Interior U.S. Geological",
"USGS Southwest Biological Science Center Canyonlands Research Station 2290 S West Resource Blvd Moab, UT 84532"
],
"affiliations": [
{
"raw_affiliation_string": "USGS Southwest Biological Science Center Canyonlands Research Station 2290 S West Resource Blvd Moab, UT 84532",
"institution_ids": []
},
{
"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of the Interior U.S. Geological",
"institution_ids": []
}
]
}
],
"best_oa_location": {
"is_oa": true,
"landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.3133/fs06501",
"pdf_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2001/0065/pdf/fs065-01.pdf",
"source": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210206611",
"display_name": "Fact sheet",
"issn_l": "2327-6916",
"issn": [
"2327-6916",
"2327-6932"
],
"is_oa": true,
"is_in_doaj": false,
"is_core": false,
"host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310319934",
"host_organization_name": "United States Geological Survey",
"host_organization_lineage": [
"https://openalex.org/P4310319934",
"https://openalex.org/P4310316088"
],
"host_organization_lineage_names": [
"United States Geological Survey",
"United States Department of the Interior"
],
"type": "journal"
},
"license": null,
"license_id": null,
"version": "publishedVersion",
"is_accepted": true,
"is_published": true
},
"biblio": {
"volume": null,
"issue": null,
"first_page": null,
"last_page": null
},
"citation_normalized_percentile": {
"value": 0.465167,
"is_in_top_1_percent": false,
"is_in_top_10_percent": false
},
"cited_by_api_url": "https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1502359768",
"cited_by_count": 1,
"cited_by_percentile_year": {
"min": 61,
"max": 68
},
"concepts": [
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c120149898",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43142",
"display_name": "Lichen",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.85185266,
"qid": null
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c2779422593",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554909",
"display_name": "Soil crust",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.71328574,
"qid": null
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c2780257989",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5190811",
"display_name": "Biological soil crust",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.6799568,
"qid": null
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c39432304",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847",
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.5313787,
"qid": "Q166085"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c2780888338",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25347",
"display_name": "Moss",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.52544135,
"qid": null
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c18903297",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150",
"display_name": "Ecology",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.4665997,
"qid": "Q158972"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c2779669040",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93315",
"display_name": "Cyanobacteria",
"level": 3,
"score": 0.45497417,
"qid": null
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c2779429622",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780867",
"display_name": "Litter",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.44459867,
"qid": null
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c2777601987",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283581",
"display_name": "Disturbance (geology)",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.43365914,
"qid": null
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c110872660",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37813",
"display_name": "Ecosystem",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4285767,
"qid": "Q169094"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c559758991",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37868",
"display_name": "Algae",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.4247058,
"qid": "Q159050"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c159750122",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023",
"display_name": "Soil water",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.41545135,
"qid": null
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c127313418",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069",
"display_name": "Geology",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.33577782,
"qid": "Q158984"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c205649164",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071",
"display_name": "Geography",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.3280285,
"qid": "Q158983"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c86803240",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420",
"display_name": "Biology",
"level": 0,
"score": 0.24040455,
"qid": "Q158998"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c159390177",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265",
"display_name": "Soil science",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.23773646,
"qid": "Q166157"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c151730666",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205",
"display_name": "Paleontology",
"level": 1,
"score": 0.0,
"qid": "Q159017"
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/c523546767",
"wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876",
"display_name": "Bacteria",
"level": 2,
"score": 0.0,
"qid": "Q159066"
}
],
"corresponding_author_ids": [
"https://openalex.org/A5025692624"
],
"corresponding_institution_ids": [],
"countries_distinct_count": 0,
"counts_by_year": [
{
"year": 2024,
"cited_by_count": 1
}
],
"created_date": "2016-06-24",
"datasets": [],
"display_name": "Biological Soil Crusts: Webs of Life in the Desert",
"doi": "https://doi.org/10.3133/fs06501",
"fulltext_origin": "pdf",
"fwci": 0.0,
"grants": [],
"has_fulltext": true,
"id": "https://openalex.org/W1502359768",
"ids": {
"openalex": "https://openalex.org/W1502359768",
"doi": "https://doi.org/10.3133/fs06501",
"mag": "1502359768"
},
"indexed_in": [
"crossref"
],
"institutions_distinct_count": 0,
"is_paratext": false,
"is_retracted": false,
"keywords": [
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-crust",
"display_name": "Soil crust",
"score": 0.71328574
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/biological-soil-crust",
"display_name": "Biological soil crust",
"score": 0.6799568
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/biological-soil-crusts",
"display_name": "Biological Soil Crusts",
"score": 0.6772
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/litter",
"display_name": "Litter",
"score": 0.44459867
}
],
"language": "en",
"locations": [
{
"is_oa": true,
"landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.3133/fs06501",
"pdf_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2001/0065/pdf/fs065-01.pdf",
"source": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210206611",
"display_name": "Fact sheet",
"issn_l": "2327-6916",
"issn": [
"2327-6916",
"2327-6932"
],
"is_oa": true,
"is_in_doaj": false,
"is_core": false,
"host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310319934",
"host_organization_name": "United States Geological Survey",
"host_organization_lineage": [
"https://openalex.org/P4310319934",
"https://openalex.org/P4310316088"
],
"host_organization_lineage_names": [
"United States Geological Survey",
"United States Department of the Interior"
],
"type": "journal"
},
"license": null,
"license_id": null,
"version": "publishedVersion",
"is_accepted": true,
"is_published": true
},
{
"is_oa": true,
"landing_page_url": "https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/crc_research/283",
"pdf_url": "https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1282&context=crc_research",
"source": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4377196327",
"display_name": "Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University)",
"issn_l": null,
"issn": null,
"is_oa": false,
"is_in_doaj": false,
"is_core": false,
"host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I121980950",
"host_organization_name": "Utah State University",
"host_organization_lineage": [
"https://openalex.org/I121980950"
],
"host_organization_lineage_names": [
"Utah State University"
],
"type": "repository"
},
"license": null,
"license_id": null,
"version": "submittedVersion",
"is_accepted": false,
"is_published": false
}
],
"locations_count": 2,
"mesh": [],
"ngrams_url": "https://api.openalex.org/works/W1502359768/ngrams",
"open_access": {
"is_oa": true,
"oa_status": "bronze",
"oa_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2001/0065/pdf/fs065-01.pdf",
"any_repository_has_fulltext": true
},
"primary_location": {
"is_oa": true,
"landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.3133/fs06501",
"pdf_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2001/0065/pdf/fs065-01.pdf",
"source": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210206611",
"display_name": "Fact sheet",
"issn_l": "2327-6916",
"issn": [
"2327-6916",
"2327-6932"
],
"is_oa": true,
"is_in_doaj": false,
"is_core": false,
"host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310319934",
"host_organization_name": "United States Geological Survey",
"host_organization_lineage": [
"https://openalex.org/P4310319934",
"https://openalex.org/P4310316088"
],
"host_organization_lineage_names": [
"United States Geological Survey",
"United States Department of the Interior"
],
"type": "journal"
},
"license": null,
"license_id": null,
"version": "publishedVersion",
"is_accepted": true,
"is_published": true
},
"primary_topic": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/T12832",
"display_name": "Biological Soil Crusts and their Roles in Ecosystems",
"score": 0.9987,
"subfield": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1105",
"display_name": "Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"
},
"field": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/11",
"display_name": "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"
},
"domain": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/1",
"display_name": "Life Sciences"
}
},
"publication_date": "2001-01-01",
"publication_year": 2001,
"referenced_works": [],
"referenced_works_count": 0,
"related_works": [
"https://openalex.org/W2800266389",
"https://openalex.org/W2381359076",
"https://openalex.org/W2063153503",
"https://openalex.org/W2060097699",
"https://openalex.org/W2031043346",
"https://openalex.org/W2027682158",
"https://openalex.org/W2014616089",
"https://openalex.org/W2009243970",
"https://openalex.org/W2008549721",
"https://openalex.org/W1963780922"
],
"sustainable_development_goals": [
{
"id": "https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15",
"score": 0.63,
"display_name": "Life on land"
}
],
"title": "Biological Soil Crusts: Webs of Life in the Desert",
"topics": [
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/T12832",
"display_name": "Biological Soil Crusts and their Roles in Ecosystems",
"score": 0.9987,
"subfield": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1105",
"display_name": "Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"
},
"field": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/11",
"display_name": "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"
},
"domain": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/1",
"display_name": "Life Sciences"
}
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/T11528",
"display_name": "Lichen Symbiotic Relationships and Ecological Impact",
"score": 0.978,
"subfield": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1105",
"display_name": "Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"
},
"field": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/11",
"display_name": "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"
},
"domain": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/1",
"display_name": "Life Sciences"
}
},
{
"id": "https://openalex.org/T12383",
"display_name": "Aeolian Geomorphology and Wind Erosion Dynamics",
"score": 0.9768,
"subfield": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1904",
"display_name": "Earth-Surface Processes"
},
"field": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/19",
"display_name": "Earth and Planetary Sciences"
},
"domain": {
"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3",
"display_name": "Physical Sciences"
}
}
],
"type": "article",
"type_crossref": "journal-article",
"updated_date": "2024-08-09T11:52:12.755898",
"versions": [],
"qid": "Q74039"
}
}