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"name": "Lead-rich sediments, Coeur d'Alene River Valley, Idaho: area, volume, tonnage, and lead content",
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"abstract": "In north Idaho, downstream from the Coeur d?Alene (CdA) silver-lead-zinc\r\nmining district, lead-rich sediments, containing at least 1,000 ppm of lead, cover\r\napproximately 61 km2 (or 73 percent) of the 84-km2 floor of the CdA River valley, from\r\nthe confluence of its North and South Forks to the top of its delta-front slope, in CdA\r\nLake. Concentrations of lead (Pb) in surface sediments range from 15 to about 38,500\r\nppm, and average 3,370 ppm, which is 112 times the mean background concentration (30\r\nppm) of Pb in uncontaminated sediments of the CdA and St. Joe River valleys.\r\nMost of the highest concentrations of Pb are in sediments within or near the river\r\nchannel, or near the base of the stratigraphic section of Pb-rich sediments. Ranges of Pb\r\nconcentration in Pb-rich sediments gradually decrease with increasing distance from the\r\nriver and its distributaries. Ranges of thickness of Pb-rich sediments generally decrease\r\nabruptly with increasing distance from the river, from about 3 + 3 m in the river channel\r\nto about 1 + 1m on upland riverbanks, levees and sand splays, to about 0.3 + 0.3 m in\r\nback-levee marshes and lateral lakes. Thickness of Pb-rich dredge spoils (removed from\r\nthe river and deposited on Cataldo-Mission Flats) is mostly in the range 4 + 4 m, thinning\r\naway from an outfall zone north and west of the river, near the formerly dredged channel\r\nreach near Cataldo Landing. We attribute lateral variation in ranges of thickness and Pb\r\ncontent of Pb-rich sediments to the dynamic balance between decreasing floodwater flow\r\nvelocity with increasing distance from the river and the quantity, size, density, and Pb\r\ncontent of particles mobilized, transported, and deposited.\r\nWe present alternative median- and mean-based estimates of the volume of Pbrich\r\nsediments, their wet and dry tonnage, and their tonnage of contained Pb. We\r\ncalculate separate pairs of estimates for 23 Estimation Units, each of which corresponds\r\nto a major depositional environment, divided into down-valley segments. We favor\r\nmedian-based estimates of the thickness and thickness-interval weighted-average Pb\r\nconcentration, because uncommonly thick and Pb-rich sections may excessively\r\ninfluence mean estimates. Nevertheless, data from partial sections of Pb-rich sediments\r\nare included in most estimates, and these tend to reduce both median- and mean-based\r\nestimates.\r\nMedian-based estimates indicate a volume of 32 M m3 of Pb-rich sediments in the\r\nCdA River valley, with a dry tonnage of 47 + 4 M t, containing 250 + 75 kt of Pb\r\n(considering analytical uncertainties only). An equivalent tonnage of dry CdA River\r\nvalley sediments of the pre-mining era, with the mean background concentration of 30\r\nppm of Pb, would contain about 1.4 kt of Pb. Thus, the amount of Pb added to CdA River\r\nvalley sediments deposited since the onset of mining is estimated as 249 + 75 kt of Pb, or\r\nabout 99.5 percent of the estimated Pb contained. Of an estimated 850 + 10 kt of Pb lost\r\nto streams as a result of mining-related activities, an estimated total of 739 + 319 kt of Pb\r\nhas been deposited in sediments of the South Fork drainage basin, the CdA River valley,\r\nand the bottom of CdA Lake (combined). Based on mid-range values from a set of\r\npreferred estimates with uncertainty ranges up to + 50 percent, roughly 24 percent of the\r\n850 + 10 kt of mining-derived Pb lost to streams has been added to sediments of the\r\nSouth Fork drainage basin, 29 percent to sediments of the CdA River valley floor, and 34\r\npercent to sediments on the bottom of CdA Lake. This amounts to roughly 87 percent of\r\nthe Pb lost to streams, not including Pb contained in sediments of the North Fork drainage basin and the Spokane River valley, the tonnages of which have not yet\r\nestimated.",
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